Local Plumber Winston Hills

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We are the most transparent, honest and reliable plumber in Winston Hills. We are licensed and fully insured. We have decades of collective experience in all types of plumbing systems, including installations, repairs, replacements, servicing, cleaning, and maintenance. We are a local company with an impeccable track record of offering affordable plumbing services to our customers in Winston Hills.

Professional Winston Hills Plumbing Team Ready and On-Call

Our qualified team, offer a plethora of plumbing services. You don’t need to hire more than one plumber in Winston Hills for different needs. We specialize in plumbing drainage, renovations, commercial plumbing, residential plumbing, grease traps, and gas fitting to name a few. We cater to general maintenance of all types of plumbing systems, blocked drain plumbing, pinpoint pipe locating to effectively identify broken lines and leaks, gas installation & repairs, pipe relining, tap and toilet repairs, backflow prevention testing and certified installation of hot water systems such as heaters and circulating pumps, gas and water leak detection, setup of water meters and more.

Whether you have the most state of the art plumbing infrastructure at your home and office or you have some of the oldest plumbing fixtures, our specialist plumber in Winston Hills will easily inspect the problem, assess the severity and scope, compare the appropriate solutions and recommend the best remedy. Only after you choose a particular remedy would our plumber in Winston Hills go about fixing the problem. No plumbing system is a problem for any of our team members. This is primarily owing to the ongoing training we conduct to ensure every plumber is familiar with all latest technologies, standard techniques and they are also equipped with relevant tools to get the job done.

Our Winston Hills Plumber Services include:

Free Inspection and No Call Out Fee

We conduct an extensive inspection and won’t charge you a call out fee if we proceed with the repairs. We also record these inspections. The onsite inspections are necessary for any plumber in Winston Hills to understand the true nature of the problem. A speculative quote or a generic remedy would not be of much help when the real problem has not been assessed or ascertained.

Our on-site inspection is immediately followed by a comprehensive consultation. It is during the consultation that we put forth our plumbing recommendations. We do not offer any quote until you have chosen the solution. The range of our plumbing services will be influenced by the choices you make. There are instances when repairs may be sufficient whereas other situations may demand replacement of some plumbing fixtures or parts. The exact solution is the only decisive determiner of the eventual cost. We present a custom quote to every client and all costs are quoted upfront. There are no hidden costs.

Need an Emergency Plumber in Winston Hills?

We are the promptest emergency Winston Hills plumber. We operate seven days a week throughout the year, without any exceptions, be it public holidays or inclement weather. Ours being a small to medium local business we have the swift responsive approach to meet any emergency needs you may have.

We also have our vehicles on the roads of Winston Hills and surrounding areas. It is quite possible at least one plumber in Winston Hills will be in or near your neighborhood. You can imagine how swift the emergency response can be.

Our vehicles are loaded with all quintessential tools, accessories, common parts or components and additional gear to help technicians get the job done at the site. There is no need for to and fro trips. You would always find an emergency plumber in Winston Hills, twenty-four hours a day throughout the year.

We are the Most Trusted Winston Hills Plumber

Over the years, we have emerged as the most trusted plumber in Winston Hills. There are many reasons why residents and businesses in and around Winston Hills rely on our plumbing services. We are always transparent and we explain everything in great detail so you would have a lucid understanding of the problem. Only then do we explain the choices. We do not skip the crucial consultation at any stage. We help our clients to make the most informed decision, every time and for every specific purpose.

While our quotes are invariably reasonable, it is not accomplished at the cost of quality. You would always have a trained and experienced plumber in your local area of Winston Hills, ensuring an impeccable job, regardless of the service you need. We offer a lifetime guarantee on our services. If you are not happy with any repair or replacement, then we will attend to it again and there will be no labor charges for the same. Our workmanship, sincerity, and commitment have no compromise.

Our prompt communications have also contributed to our popularity and reliability. We attend to every phone call and respond to every query. Right from the first correspondence, you would realise how we are different from every other plumber in Winston Hills. Communications pertaining to consultation, site inspection, and estimates are also effortless and there is no room for ambiguity. We confirm appointments and schedules on the day before. We also update all our clients about our movements. You don’t have to wait for the whole day, wondering if your plumber will show up to Winston Hills.

We take full responsibility of cleanliness at your property during and after our installation, servicing or maintenance and repairs or replacements. We have a policy of charging per job and not per hour so you don’t have to worry if a particular task is taking longer than expected. This also allows you to secure the quintessential peace of mind, knowing that it is a fixed price you pay in the end and hence there is no surprise after the job is done.

In addition to emergencies, we also provide same day service. Some problems don’t need urgent repairs but allowing them to sit there, is not wise either. Email us or give us a call and a plumber will visit your Winston Hills home or office and resolve the problem by the end of the day.

Winston Hills

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Monte Baldo - Lake Garda Italy
2008 (MMVIII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar, the 2008th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 8th year of the 3rd millennium, the 8th year of the 21st century, and the 9th year of the 2000s decade. 2008 was designated as: International Year of Languages[1] International Year of Planet Earth International Year of Sanitation International Year of the Potato Events January January 1 – Cyprus and Malta adopt the euro.[2][3] January 14 – At 19:04:39 UTC, the unmanned MESSENGER space probe is at its closest approach during its first flyby of the planet Mercury.[4] January 21 – Stock markets around the world plunge amid growing fears of a U.S. recession, fueled by the 2007 subprime mortgage crisis.[5] January 24 – A peace deal is signed in Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo, ending the Kivu conflict.[6] February[edit] February 4 – Iran opens its first space center and launches a rocket into space. February 13 – Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd delivers a formal apology to the Stolen Generations.[7] February 17 – Kosovo formally declares independence from Serbia, with a mixed response from the international community.[8][9] March[edit] March–April – Rising food and fuel prices trigger riots and unrest in the Third World. March 2 – Venezuela and Ecuador move troops to the Colombian border, following a Colombian raid against FARC guerrillas inside Ecuadorian territory, in which senior commander Raúl Reyes is killed.[10][11] March 9 – The first European Space Agency Automated Transfer Vehicle, a cargo spacecraft for the International Space Station, launches from Guiana Space Centre in French Guiana.[12] March 24 – Bhutan holds its first-ever general elections following the adoption of a new Constitution which changed the country from an absolute monarchy to a multiparty democracy.[13] March 25 – African Union and Comoros forces invade the rebel-held island of Anjouan, returning the island to Comorian control.[14] April[edit] April 22 – Surgeons at London's Moorfields Eye Hospital perform the first successful operations using bionic eyes, implanting them into two blind patients. May[edit] May 2 – The Chaitén volcano in Chile enters a new eruptive phase for the first time since around 1640. May 3 – Cyclone Nargis passes through Myanmar, killing more than 138,000 people.[15] May 12 – An earthquake measuring 7.9 on the moment magnitude scale strikes Sichuan, China, killing an estimated 87,000 people.[16] May 23 The Union of South American Nations, an intergovernmental organization between states in South America, is founded.[17] The International Court of Justice awards Middle Rocks to Malaysia and Pedra Branca to Singapore, ending a 29-year territorial dispute between the two countries.[18] May 25 – NASA's unmanned Phoenix spacecraft becomes the first to land on the northern polar region of Mars.[19] May 28 – The Legislature Parliament of Nepal votes overwhelmingly in favor of abolishing the country's 240-year-old monarchy, turning the country into a republic.[20] May 30 – The Convention on Cluster Munitions is adopted in Dublin.[21] June[edit] June 7–29 – Austria and Switzerland jointly host the UEFA Euro 2008 football tournament, which is won by Spain. June 11 The Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope is launched.[22] Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper formally apologizes, on behalf of the Canadian government, to the country's First Nations for the Canadian Indian residential school system.[23] June 14 – Expo 2008 opens in Zaragoza, Spain, lasting to September 14, with the topic "Water and sustainable development".[24] July[edit] July 2 – Íngrid Betancourt and 14 other hostages are rescued from FARC rebels by Colombian security forces.[25] July 21 – Radovan Karadžić, the first president of the Republika Srpska, is arrested in Belgrade, Serbia, on allegations of war crimes, following a 12-year-long manhunt.[26] August[edit] August 1 – Eleven mountaineers from international expeditions die on K2, the second-highest mountain on Earth in the worst single accident in the history of K2 mountaineering. August 6 – President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi of Mauritania is deposed in a military coup d'état.[27] August 7 – Georgia invades the breakaway state of South Ossetia, sparking a war with Russia as the latter intervenes in support of the separatists in both South Ossetia and Abkhazia.[28] August 20 – Spanair Flight 5022 crashes at Madrid–Barajas Airport, killing 154 people on board. August 8–24 – The 2008 Summer Olympics take place in Beijing, China.[29] September[edit] September 5 – Quentin Bryce becomes the first woman Governor-General of Australia. September 10 – The proton beam is circulated for the first time in the Large Hadron Collider, the world's largest and highest-energy particle accelerator, located at CERN, near Geneva, under the Franco-Swiss border.[30][31] September 13 – Hurricane Ike makes landfall in Galveston, Texas. September 20 – A suicide truck bomb explosion destroys the Marriott Hotel in Islamabad, Pakistan, killing at least 54 and injuring 266.[32][33][34] September 28 – SpaceX Falcon 1 becomes the world's first privately developed space launch vehicle to successfully make orbit.[35][36] September 29 – Following the bankruptcies of Lehman Brothers and Washington Mutual, The Dow Jones Industrial Average falls 777.68 points, hitherto the largest single-day point loss in its history. October[edit] October 3 – Global financial crisis: U.S. President George W. Bush signs the revised Emergency Economic Stabilization Act into law, creating a 700 billion dollar Treasury fund to purchase failing bank assets.[37] October 7 – The Spotify music streaming service is launched in Sweden. October 21 – The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is officially inaugurated at Geneva.[38][39][40][41] October 22 – The Indian Space Research Organisation successfully launches the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft on a lunar exploration mission.[42][43] November[edit] November 1 – Satoshi Nakamoto publishes "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System".[44] November 4 – Democratic U.S. Senator Barack Obama is elected the 44th President of the United States, becoming the first black President of the United States.[45][46][47] November 19 – Claudia Castillo of Spain becomes the first person to have a successful trachea transplant using a tissue-engineered organ.[48] November 26–29 – Members of Lashkar-e-Taiba carry out four days of coordinated bombing and shooting attacks across Mumbai, killing 164 people.[49] December[edit] December 5 – Human remains found in 1991 are identified as Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, using DNA analysis.[50] December 10 – The Channel Island of Sark, a British Crown dependency, holds its first fully democratic elections under a new constitutional arrangement, becoming the last European territory to abolish feudalism.[51] December 18 – The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda finds Théoneste Bagosora and two other senior Rwandan army officers guilty of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes and sentences them to life imprisonment for their role in the Rwandan genocide.[52] December 23 – A military coup d'état deposes the government of Guinea shortly after the death of longtime President Lansana Conté.[53] December 27 – Israel invades the Gaza Strip in response to rockets being fired into Israeli territory by Hamas and due to weapons being smuggled into the area.[54][55][56] December 31 – An extra leap second (23:59:60) is added to end the year. The last time this occurred was in 2005. Births[edit] March 14 – Abby Ryder Fortson, American actress April 16 – Princess Eléonore of Belgium June 3 – Harshaali Malhotra, Indian actress July 15 – Iain Armitage, American actor August 18 – Gordey Kolesov, Russian-Chinese chess player Deaths[edit] Further information: Category:2008 deaths Deaths January · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November · December January[edit] Main article: Deaths in January 2008 Heath Ledger Suharto January 2 – Galyani Vadhana, Princess of Naradhiwas, Princess of Thailand (b. 1923) January 3 – Choi Yo-sam, Korean boxer (b. 1972) January 10 Christopher Bowman, American figure skater (b. 1967) Maila Nurmi, Finnish-American actress and television personality (b. 1922) January 11 – Edmund Hillary, New Zealand mountaineer, explorer, and philanthropist (b. 1919) January 15 – Brad Renfro, American actor (b. 1982) January 16 – Nikola Kljusev, 1st Prime Minister of Macedonia (b. 1927) January 17 Bobby Fischer, American chess grandmaster and former World Chess Champion (b. 1943) Allan Melvin, American actor (b. 1923) January 19 – Suzanne Pleshette, American actress (b. 1937) January 22 Heath Ledger, Australian actor (b. 1979) Claude Piron, Swiss linguist and psychologist (b. 1931) January 25 – Aziz Sedky, 36th Prime Minister of Egypt (b. 1920) January 26 – George Habash, Palestinian politician (b. 1926) January 27 Gordon B. Hinckley, American Mormon leader (b. 1910) Suharto, 2nd President of Indonesia (b. 1921) January 28 – Archbishop Christodoulos of Athens (b. 1939) January 29 – Margaret Truman, American singer and writer (b. 1924) February[edit] Main article: Deaths in February 2008 Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Roy Scheider Janez Drnovšek February 2 Joshua Lederberg, American Nobel molecular biologist (b. 1925) Barry Morse, English-Canadian actor (b. 1918) February 5 – Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, Indian spiritual leader (b. 1918) February 7 – Andrew Bertie, 78th Grand Master of the Order of Malta (b. 1929) February 9 – Baba Amte, Indian social activist (b. 1914) February 10 – Roy Scheider, American actor (b. 1932) February 11 Tom Lantos, Hungarian-American politician (b. 1928) Alfredo Reinado, East Timorese rebel (b. 1967) February 12 Imad Mughniyah, Lebanese militant (b. 1962) Badri Patarkatsishvili, Georgian businessman and politician (b. 1955) February 13 Kon Ichikawa, Japanese film director (b. 1915) Henri Salvador, French singer (b. 1917) February 18 – Alain Robbe-Grillet, French writer and filmmaker (b. 1922) February 19 Natalia Bessmertnova, Russian ballerina (b. 1941) Yegor Letov, Russian singer (b. 1964) February 23 Janez Drnovšek, 2-Time Prime Minister and 2nd President of Slovenia (b. 1950) Paul Frère, Belgian racing driver (b. 1917) February 25 – Static Major, American musician (b. 1974) February 27 William F. Buckley Jr., American author and conservative commentator (b. 1925) Ivan Rebroff, German singer (b. 1931) March[edit] Main article: Deaths in March 2008 Giuseppe Di Stefano Arthur C. Clarke Paul Scofield March 1 – Raúl Reyes, Colombian guerrilla (b. 1948) March 2 Sofiko Chiaureli, Georgian actress (b. 1937) Jeff Healey, Canadian musician (b. 1966) March 3 Giuseppe Di Stefano, Italian operatic tenor (b. 1921) Norman Smith, English singer and record producer (b. 1923) March 4 – Gary Gygax, American writer and game designer (b. 1938) March 5 – Joseph Weizenbaum, German-American author and computer scientist (b. 1923) March 6 – Peter Poreku Dery, Ghanaian cardinal (b. 1918) March 12 – Howard Metzenbaum, American politician (b. 1917) March 14 – Chiara Lubich, Italian Catholic activist (b. 1920) March 16 – Ivan Dixon, American actor (b. 1931) March 18 – Anthony Minghella, English film director and screenwriter (b. 1954) March 19 Arthur C. Clarke, English author, inventor, and futurist (b. 1917) Hugo Claus, Flemish writer, painter and film director (b. 1929) Paul Scofield, English actor (b. 1922) March 21 – Klaus Dinger, German musician (b. 1946) March 22 – Adolfo Suárez Rivera, Mexican cardinal (b. 1927) March 24 Neil Aspinall, British record producer and business executive (b. 1942) Richard Widmark, American actor (b. 1914) March 26 – Manuel Marulanda, Colombian guerrilla (b. 1930) March 27 – Jean-Marie Balestre, French sports executive (b. 1921) March 30 – Dith Pran, Cambodian-American photojournalist (b. 1942) March 31 – Jules Dassin, American film director (b. 1911) April[edit] Main article: Deaths in April 2008 Charlton Heston April 3 – Hrvoje Ćustić, Croatian footballer (b. 1983) April 5 – Charlton Heston, American actor (b. 1923) April 8 – Stanley Kamel, American actor (b. 1943) April 10 – Ernesto Corripio y Ahumada, Mexican cardinal (b. 1919) April 12 – Patrick Hillery, 6th President of Ireland (b. 1923) April 13 – John Archibald Wheeler, American theoretical physicist (b. 1911) April 14 – Ollie Johnston, American animator (b. 1912) April 15 – Benoît Lamy, Belgian motion picture writer-director (b. 1945) April 16 – Edward Norton Lorenz, American mathematician and meteorologist (b. 1917) April 17 – Aimé Césaire, French Martinican poet and politician (b. 1913) April 29 – Albert Hofmann, Swiss chemist and writer (b. 1906) May[edit] Main article: Deaths in May 2008 Eddy Arnold Irena Sendler Sydney Pollack May 1 – Anthony Mamo, 1st President of Malta (b. 1909) May 2 – Philipp von Boeselager, German military officer (b. 1917) May 3 – Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo, Spanish Prime Minister (b. 1926) May 5 – Jerry Wallace, American country and pop singer (b. 1928) May 8 Eddy Arnold, American country music singer (b. 1918) François Sterchele, Belgian footballer (b. 1982) May 10 Leyla Gencer, Turkish soprano (b. 1928) Jessica Jacobs, Australian actress and singer (b. 1990) May 11 – Dottie Rambo, American gospel singer (b. 1934) May 12 Robert Rauschenberg, American pop artist (b. 1925) Irena Sendler, Polish humanitarian (b. 1910) May 13 Saad Al-Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah, 4th Emir of Kuwait (b. 1930) Bernardin Gantin, Beninese cardinal (b. 1922) John Phillip Law, American actor (b. 1937) May 15 – Willis Lamb, American Nobel physicist (b. 1913) May 17 – Roberto García-Calvo Montiel, Spanish judge (b. 1942) May 19 – Vijay Tendulkar, Indian playwright (b. 1928) May 22 – Robert Asprin, American writer (b. 1946) May 23 – Cornell Capa, Hungarian-American photographer (b. 1918) May 24 – Rob Knox, English actor (b. 1989) May 26 Sydney Pollack, American actor, director and producer (b. 1934) Koloa Talake, 7th Prime Minister of Tuvalu (b. 1934) May 28 – Sven Davidson, Swedish tennis player (b. 1928) May 29 Luc Bourdon, Canadian ice hockey defenceman (b. 1987) Harvey Korman, American actor and comedian (b. 1927) June[edit] Main article: Deaths in June 2008 Chinghiz Aitmatov Cyd Charisse George Carlin June 1 Tommy Lapid, Israeli television presenter, journalist, and politician (b. 1931) Yves Saint Laurent, French fashion designer (b. 1936) June 2 Bo Diddley, American musician (b. 1928) Mel Ferrer, American actor, director, and producer (b. 1917) June 4 – Agata Mróz-Olszewska, Polish volleyball player (b. 1982) June 5 – Jameson Mbilini Dlamini, 7th Prime Minister of Swaziland (b. 1932) June 7 Mustafa Khalil, 40th Prime Minister of Egypt (b. 1920) Dino Risi, Italian director (b. 1916) June 8 – Šaban Bajramović, Serbian musician (b. 1936) June 9 Karen Asrian, Armenian chess grandmaster (b. 1980) Algis Budrys, Lithuanian-American science fiction writer (b. 1931) June 10 – Chinghiz Aitmatov, Kyrgyzstani writer (b. 1928) June 11 Ove Andersson, Swedish rally driver (b. 1939) Võ Văn Kiệt, 5th Prime Minister of Vietnam (b. 1922) June 13 – Tim Russert, American journalist (b. 1950) June 15 – Stan Winston, American special effects and makeup artist (b. 1946) June 17 – Cyd Charisse, American actress and dancer (b. 1922) June 18 – Jean Delannoy, French film director (b. 1908) June 22 – George Carlin, American author, actor, and comedian (b. 1937) June 23 – Arthur Chung, 1st President of Guyana (b. 1918) June 24 – Leonid Hurwicz, American Nobel economist and mathematician (b. 1917) June 26 – Lilyan Chauvin, French-American actress, television host, and director (b. 1925) June 27 – Sam Manekshaw, Indian Field Marshal (b. 1914) June 28 – Ruslana Korshunova, Kazakhstani model (b. 1987) June 29 – Don S. Davis, American actor (b. 1942) July[edit] Main article: Deaths in July 2008 Jesse Helms Evelyn Keyes July 3 – Larry Harmon, American entertainer and television producer (b. 1925) July 4 Jesse Helms, American politician (b. 1921) Evelyn Keyes, American actress (b. 1916) July 5 – René Harris, 4-Time President of Nauru (b. 1947) July 11 – Michael E. DeBakey, American surgeon and inventor (b. 1908) July 12 – Tony Snow, American political commentator (b. 1955) July 13 – Bronisław Geremek, Polish social historian and politician (b. 1932) July 15 – György Kolonics, Hungarian canoeist (b. 1972) July 16 – Jo Stafford, American singer (b. 1917) July 22 – Estelle Getty, American actress (b. 1923) July 25 Johnny Griffin, American saxophonist (b. 1928) Tracy Hall, American physical chemist (b. 1919) Randy Pausch, American author and computer scientist (b. 1960) July 27 – Youssef Chahine, Egyptian film director (b. 1926) July 29 – Mate Parlov, Croatian boxer (b. 1948) August[edit] Main article: Deaths in August 2008 Bernie Mac Isaac Hayes August 1 Pauline Baynes, English illustrator (b. 1922) Harkishan Singh Surjeet, Indian politician (b. 1916) August 3 – Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Russian Nobel writer (b. 1918) August 9 Mahmoud Darwish, Palestinian poet (b. 1941) Bernie Mac, American actor and comedian (b. 1957) August 10 – Isaac Hayes, American singer, songwriter, and actor (b. 1942) August 11 – Fred Sinowatz, Austrian politician (b. 1929) August 13 – Henri Cartan, French mathematician (b. 1904) August 15 – Jerry Wexler, American music producer (b. 1917) August 16 Ronnie Drew, Irish singer (b. 1934) Masanobu Fukuoka, Japanese microbiologist (b. 1913) August 19 Levy Mwanawasa, 3rd President of Zambia (b. 1948) LeRoi Moore, American saxophonist (b. 1961) August 20 – Hua Guofeng, Chairman of the Communist Party and Chinese premier (b. 1921) August 23 – Thomas Huckle Weller, American Nobel virologist (b. 1915) August 28 – Phil Hill, American race car driver (b. 1927) September[edit] Main article: Deaths in September 2008 Paul Newman September 1 Don LaFontaine, American voice actor (b. 1940) Jerry Reed, American actor and country singer (b. 1937) September 2 – Bill Melendez, Mexican-American character animator, film director, voice artist and producer (b. 1916) September 6 Antonio Innocenti, Italian cardinal (b. 1915) Anita Page, American actress (b. 1910) September 9 Nouhak Phoumsavanh, 3rd President of Laos (b. 1910) Warith Deen Mohammed, American Muslim leader, theologian, philosopher and revivalist (b. 1933) September 12 – David Foster Wallace, American writer (b. 1962) September 15 – Richard Wright, English keyboardist (b. 1943) September 18 – Mauricio Kagel, Argentine composer (b. 1931) September 19 – Earl Palmer, American R&B Drummer (b. 1924) September 21 – Dingiri Banda Wijetunga, 9th Prime Minister and 4th President of Sri Lanka (b. 1916) September 26 – Paul Newman, American actor, film director, entrepreneur and philanthropist (b. 1925) October[edit] Main article: Deaths in October 2008 Jörg Haider Sœur Emmanuelle October 1 – Boris Yefimov, Russian political cartoonist (b. 1900) October 6 – Paavo Haavikko, Finnish poet (b. 1931) October 8 – George Emil Palade, Romanian Nobel cell biologist (b. 1912) October 10 – Alexey Prokurorov, Russian cross-country skier (b. 1964) October 11 – Jörg Haider, Austrian politician (b. 1950) October 13 Alexei Cherepanov, Russian Hockey Player (b. 1989) Guillaume Depardieu, French actor (b. 1971) Antonio José González Zumárraga, Ecuadorian cardinal (b. 1925) October 15 – Edie Adams, American actress, singer and businessman (b. 1927) October 20 – Sœur Emmanuelle, Belgian-born French nun (b. 1908) October 25 – Muslim Magomayev, Azerbaijani singer (b. 1942) October 26 – Tony Hillerman, American writer (b. 1925) October 29 – William Wharton, American author (b. 1925) October 31 – Studs Terkel, American author and liberal commentator (b. 1912) November[edit] Main article: Deaths in November 2008 Michael Crichton November 1 Jacques Piccard, Swiss explorer and engineer (b. 1922) Yma Sumac, Peruvian soprano (b. 1923) November 4 Michael Crichton, American author and producer (b. 1942) Juan Camilo Mouriño, Mexican politician (b. 1971) November 9 – Miriam Makeba, South African singer and civil rights activist (b. 1932) November 10 – Kiyosi Itô, Japanese mathematician (b. 1915) November 12 – Mitch Mitchell, English drummer (b. 1946) November 14 – Tsvetanka Khristova, Bulgarian athlete (b. 1962) November 22 – Ibrahim Nasir, 2nd President of the Maldives (b. 1926) November 27 – V. P. Singh, 7th Prime Minister of India (b. 1931) November 29 – Jørn Utzon, Danish architect (b. 1918) December[edit] Main article: Deaths in December 2008 Alexy II Horst Tappert León Febres Cordero Eartha Kitt December 1 Paul Benedict, American actor (b. 1938) Mikel Laboa, Basque singer and songwriter (b. 1934) December 2 Frank Crean, Australian politician (b. 1916) Odetta, American singer (b. 1930) December 4 – Forrest J Ackerman, American magazine editor, science fiction writer, and literary agent (b. 1916) December 5 Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow, Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church (b. 1928) Nina Foch, Dutch-born American actress (b. 1924) Beverly Garland, American actress (b. 1926) December 8 Oliver Postgate, British animator, puppeteer and writer (b. 1925) Robert Prosky, American actor (b. 1930) December 9 Yury Glazkov, Russian cosmonaut (b. 1939) Dražan Jerković, Croatian football player and manager (b. 1936) December 11 Daniel Carleton Gajdusek, American Nobel physician (b. 1923) Bettie Page, American pin-up model (b. 1923) December 12 Avery Dulles, American cardinal (b. 1918) Van Johnson, American actor (b. 1916) Tassos Papadopoulos, 5th President of Cyprus (b. 1934) December 13 – Horst Tappert, German actor (b. 1923) December 15 – León Febres Cordero, 35th President of Ecuador (b. 1931) December 18 Majel Barrett, American actress (b. 1932) Mark Felt, American FBI agent (b. 1913) December 19 – James Bevel, American minister and civil rights leader (b. 1936) December 20 Joseph Conombo, 3rd Prime Minister of Burkina Faso (b. 1917) Olga Lepeshinskaya, Russian ballerina (b. 1916) Robert Mulligan, American director (b. 1925) December 22 – Lansana Conté, 2nd President of Guinea (b. 1934) December 24 Samuel P. Huntington, American political scientist (b. 1927) Harold Pinter, English playwright, screenwriter, director and actor (b. 1930) December 25 – Eartha Kitt, American singer, actress, activist and author (b. 1927) December 29 – Freddie Hubbard, American jazz trumpeter (b. 1938) Nobel Prizes[edit] Nobel medal.png Chemistry – Martin Chalfie, Osamu Shimomura, and Roger Y. Tsien Economics – Paul Krugman Literature – Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio Peace – Martti Ahtisaari Physics – Makoto Kobayashi, Toshihide Maskawa, and Yoichiro Nambu Physiology or Medicine – Françoise Barré-Sinoussi, Harald zur Hausen, and Luc Montagnier

Striding Edge (2008)
2008 (MMVIII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar, the 2008th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 8th year of the 3rd millennium, the 8th year of the 21st century, and the 9th year of the 2000s decade. January 1 – Cyprus and Malta adopt the euro.[2][3] January 14 – At 19:04:39 UTC, the unmanned MESSENGER space probe is at its closest approach during its first flyby of the planet Mercury.[4] January 21 – Stock markets around the world plunge amid growing fears of a U.S. recession, fueled by the 2007 subprime mortgage crisis.[5] January 24 – A peace deal is signed in Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo, ending the Kivu conflict.[6] February[edit] February 4 – Iran opens its first space center and launches a rocket into space. February 13 – Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd delivers a formal apology to the Stolen Generations.[7] February 17 – Kosovo formally declares independence from Serbia, with a mixed response from the international community.[8][9] March[edit] March–April – Rising food and fuel prices trigger riots and unrest in the Third World. March 2 – Venezuela and Ecuador move troops to the Colombian border, following a Colombian raid against FARC guerrillas inside Ecuadorian territory, in which senior commander Raúl Reyes is killed.[10][11] March 9 – The first European Space Agency Automated Transfer Vehicle, a cargo spacecraft for the International Space Station, launches from Guiana Space Centre in French Guiana.[12] March 24 – Bhutan holds its first-ever general elections following the adoption of a new Constitution which changed the country from an absolute monarchy to a multiparty democracy.[13] March 25 – African Union and Comoros forces invade the rebel-held island of Anjouan, returning the island to Comorian control.[14] April[edit] April 22 – Surgeons at London's Moorfields Eye Hospital perform the first successful operations using bionic eyes, implanting them into two blind patients. May[edit] May 2 – The Chaitén volcano in Chile enters a new eruptive phase for the first time since around 1640. May 3 – Cyclone Nargis passes through Myanmar, killing more than 138,000 people.[15] May 12 – An earthquake measuring 7.9 on the moment magnitude scale strikes Sichuan, China, killing an estimated 87,000 people.[16] May 23 The Union of South American Nations, an intergovernmental organization between states in South America, is founded.[17] The International Court of Justice awards Middle Rocks to Malaysia and Pedra Branca to Singapore, ending a 29-year territorial dispute between the two countries.[18] May 25 – NASA's unmanned Phoenix spacecraft becomes the first to land on the northern polar region of Mars.[19] May 28 – The Legislature Parliament of Nepal votes overwhelmingly in favor of abolishing the country's 240-year-old monarchy, turning the country into a republic.[20] May 30 – The Convention on Cluster Munitions is adopted in Dublin.[21] June[edit] June 7–29 – Austria and Switzerland jointly host the UEFA Euro 2008 football tournament, which is won by Spain. June 11 The Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope is launched.[22] Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper formally apologizes, on behalf of the Canadian government, to the country's First Nations for the Canadian Indian residential school system.[23] June 14 – Expo 2008 opens in Zaragoza, Spain, lasting to September 14, with the topic "Water and sustainable development".[24] July[edit] July 2 – Íngrid Betancourt and 14 other hostages are rescued from FARC rebels by Colombian security forces.[25] July 21 – Radovan Karadžić, the first president of the Republika Srpska, is arrested in Belgrade, Serbia, on allegations of war crimes, following a 12-year-long manhunt.[26] August[edit] August 1 – Eleven mountaineers from international expeditions die on K2, the second-highest mountain on Earth in the worst single accident in the history of K2 mountaineering. August 6 – President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi of Mauritania is deposed in a military coup d'état.[27] August 7 – Georgia invades the breakaway state of South Ossetia, sparking a war with Russia as the latter intervenes in support of the separatists in both South Ossetia and Abkhazia.[28] August 20 – Spanair Flight 5022 crashes at Madrid–Barajas Airport, killing 154 people on board. August 8–24 – The 2008 Summer Olympics take place in Beijing, China.[29] September[edit] September 5 – Quentin Bryce becomes the first woman Governor-General of Australia. September 10 – The proton beam is circulated for the first time in the Large Hadron Collider, the world's largest and highest-energy particle accelerator, located at CERN, near Geneva, under the Franco-Swiss border.[30][31] September 13 – Hurricane Ike makes landfall in Galveston, Texas. September 20 – A suicide truck bomb explosion destroys the Marriott Hotel in Islamabad, Pakistan, killing at least 54 and injuring 266.[32][33][34] September 28 – SpaceX Falcon 1 becomes the world's first privately developed space launch vehicle to successfully make orbit.[35][36] September 29 – Following the bankruptcies of Lehman Brothers and Washington Mutual, The Dow Jones Industrial Average falls 777.68 points, hitherto the largest single-day point loss in its history. October[edit] October 3 – Global financial crisis: U.S. President George W. Bush signs the revised Emergency Economic Stabilization Act into law, creating a 700 billion dollar Treasury fund to purchase failing bank assets.[37] October 7 – The Spotify music streaming service is launched in Sweden. October 21 – The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is officially inaugurated at Geneva.[38][39][40][41] October 22 – The Indian Space Research Organisation successfully launches the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft on a lunar exploration mission.[42][43] November[edit] November 1 – Satoshi Nakamoto publishes "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System".[44] November 4 – Democratic U.S. Senator Barack Obama is elected the 44th President of the United States, becoming the first black President of the United States.[45][46][47] November 19 – Claudia Castillo of Spain becomes the first person to have a successful trachea transplant using a tissue-engineered organ.[48] November 26–29 – Members of Lashkar-e-Taiba carry out four days of coordinated bombing and shooting attacks across Mumbai, killing 164 people.[49] December[edit] December 5 – Human remains found in 1991 are identified as Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, using DNA analysis.[50] December 10 – The Channel Island of Sark, a British Crown dependency, holds its first fully democratic elections under a new constitutional arrangement, becoming the last European territory to abolish feudalism.[51] December 18 – The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda finds Théoneste Bagosora and two other senior Rwandan army officers guilty of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes and sentences them to life imprisonment for their role in the Rwandan genocide.[52] December 23 – A military coup d'état deposes the government of Guinea shortly after the death of longtime President Lansana Conté.[53] December 27 – Israel invades the Gaza Strip in response to rockets being fired into Israeli territory by Hamas and due to weapons being smuggled into the area.[54][55][56] December 31 – An extra leap second (23:59:60) is added to end the year. The last time this occurred was in 2005. Births[edit] March 14 – Abby Ryder Fortson, American actress April 16 – Princess Eléonore of Belgium June 3 – Harshaali Malhotra, Indian actress July 15 – Iain Armitage, American actor August 18 – Gordey Kolesov, Russian-Chinese chess player Deaths[edit] Further information: Category:2008 deaths Deaths January · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November · December January[edit] Main article: Deaths in January 2008 Heath Ledger Suharto January 2 – Galyani Vadhana, Princess of Naradhiwas, Princess of Thailand (b. 1923) January 3 – Choi Yo-sam, Korean boxer (b. 1972) January 10 Christopher Bowman, American figure skater (b. 1967) Maila Nurmi, Finnish-American actress and television personality (b. 1922) January 11 – Edmund Hillary, New Zealand mountaineer, explorer, and philanthropist (b. 1919) January 15 – Brad Renfro, American actor (b. 1982) January 16 – Nikola Kljusev, 1st Prime Minister of Macedonia (b. 1927) January 17 Bobby Fischer, American chess grandmaster and former World Chess Champion (b. 1943) Allan Melvin, American actor (b. 1923) January 19 – Suzanne Pleshette, American actress (b. 1937) January 22 Heath Ledger, Australian actor (b. 1979) Claude Piron, Swiss linguist and psychologist (b. 1931) January 25 – Aziz Sedky, 36th Prime Minister of Egypt (b. 1920) January 26 – George Habash, Palestinian politician (b. 1926) January 27 Gordon B. Hinckley, American Mormon leader (b. 1910) Suharto, 2nd President of Indonesia (b. 1921) January 28 – Archbishop Christodoulos of Athens (b. 1939) January 29 – Margaret Truman, American singer and writer (b. 1924) February[edit] Main article: Deaths in February 2008 Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Roy Scheider Janez Drnovšek February 2 Joshua Lederberg, American Nobel molecular biologist (b. 1925) Barry Morse, English-Canadian actor (b. 1918) February 5 – Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, Indian spiritual leader (b. 1918) February 7 – Andrew Bertie, 78th Grand Master of the Order of Malta (b. 1929) February 9 – Baba Amte, Indian social activist (b. 1914) February 10 – Roy Scheider, American actor (b. 1932) February 11 Tom Lantos, Hungarian-American politician (b. 1928) Alfredo Reinado, East Timorese rebel (b. 1967) February 12 Imad Mughniyah, Lebanese militant (b. 1962) Badri Patarkatsishvili, Georgian businessman and politician (b. 1955) February 13 Kon Ichikawa, Japanese film director (b. 1915) Henri Salvador, French singer (b. 1917) February 18 – Alain Robbe-Grillet, French writer and filmmaker (b. 1922) February 19 Natalia Bessmertnova, Russian ballerina (b. 1941) Yegor Letov, Russian singer (b. 1964) February 23 Janez Drnovšek, 2-Time Prime Minister and 2nd President of Slovenia (b. 1950) Paul Frère, Belgian racing driver (b. 1917) February 25 – Static Major, American musician (b. 1974) February 27 William F. Buckley Jr., American author and conservative commentator (b. 1925) Ivan Rebroff, German singer (b. 1931) March[edit] Main article: Deaths in March 2008 Giuseppe Di Stefano Arthur C. Clarke Paul Scofield March 1 – Raúl Reyes, Colombian guerrilla (b. 1948) March 2 Sofiko Chiaureli, Georgian actress (b. 1937) Jeff Healey, Canadian musician (b. 1966) March 3 Giuseppe Di Stefano, Italian operatic tenor (b. 1921) Norman Smith, English singer and record producer (b. 1923) March 4 – Gary Gygax, American writer and game designer (b. 1938) March 5 – Joseph Weizenbaum, German-American author and computer scientist (b. 1923) March 6 – Peter Poreku Dery, Ghanaian cardinal (b. 1918) March 12 – Howard Metzenbaum, American politician (b. 1917) March 14 – Chiara Lubich, Italian Catholic activist (b. 1920) March 16 – Ivan Dixon, American actor (b. 1931) March 18 – Anthony Minghella, English film director and screenwriter (b. 1954) March 19 Arthur C. Clarke, English author, inventor, and futurist (b. 1917) Hugo Claus, Flemish writer, painter and film director (b. 1929) Paul Scofield, English actor (b. 1922) March 21 – Klaus Dinger, German musician (b. 1946) March 22 – Adolfo Suárez Rivera, Mexican cardinal (b. 1927) March 24 Neil Aspinall, British record producer and business executive (b. 1942) Richard Widmark, American actor (b. 1914) March 26 – Manuel Marulanda, Colombian guerrilla (b. 1930) March 27 – Jean-Marie Balestre, French sports executive (b. 1921) March 30 – Dith Pran, Cambodian-American photojournalist (b. 1942) March 31 – Jules Dassin, American film director (b. 1911) April[edit] Main article: Deaths in April 2008 Charlton Heston April 3 – Hrvoje Ćustić, Croatian footballer (b. 1983) April 5 – Charlton Heston, American actor (b. 1923) April 8 – Stanley Kamel, American actor (b. 1943) April 10 – Ernesto Corripio y Ahumada, Mexican cardinal (b. 1919) April 12 – Patrick Hillery, 6th President of Ireland (b. 1923) April 13 – John Archibald Wheeler, American theoretical physicist (b. 1911) April 14 – Ollie Johnston, American animator (b. 1912) April 15 – Benoît Lamy, Belgian motion picture writer-director (b. 1945) April 16 – Edward Norton Lorenz, American mathematician and meteorologist (b. 1917) April 17 – Aimé Césaire, French Martinican poet and politician (b. 1913) April 29 – Albert Hofmann, Swiss chemist and writer (b. 1906) May[edit] Main article: Deaths in May 2008 Eddy Arnold Irena Sendler Sydney Pollack May 1 – Anthony Mamo, 1st President of Malta (b. 1909) May 2 – Philipp von Boeselager, German military officer (b. 1917) May 3 – Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo, Spanish Prime Minister (b. 1926) May 5 – Jerry Wallace, American country and pop singer (b. 1928) May 8 Eddy Arnold, American country music singer (b. 1918) François Sterchele, Belgian footballer (b. 1982) May 10 Leyla Gencer, Turkish soprano (b. 1928) Jessica Jacobs, Australian actress and singer (b. 1990) May 11 – Dottie Rambo, American gospel singer (b. 1934) May 12 Robert Rauschenberg, American pop artist (b. 1925) Irena Sendler, Polish humanitarian (b. 1910) May 13 Saad Al-Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah, 4th Emir of Kuwait (b. 1930) Bernardin Gantin, Beninese cardinal (b. 1922) John Phillip Law, American actor (b. 1937) May 15 – Willis Lamb, American Nobel physicist (b. 1913) May 17 – Roberto García-Calvo Montiel, Spanish judge (b. 1942) May 19 – Vijay Tendulkar, Indian playwright (b. 1928) May 22 – Robert Asprin, American writer (b. 1946) May 23 – Cornell Capa, Hungarian-American photographer (b. 1918) May 24 – Rob Knox, English actor (b. 1989) May 26 Sydney Pollack, American actor, director and producer (b. 1934) Koloa Talake, 7th Prime Minister of Tuvalu (b. 1934) May 28 – Sven Davidson, Swedish tennis player (b. 1928) May 29 Luc Bourdon, Canadian ice hockey defenceman (b. 1987) Harvey Korman, American actor and comedian (b. 1927) June[edit] Main article: Deaths in June 2008 Chinghiz Aitmatov Cyd Charisse George Carlin June 1 Tommy Lapid, Israeli television presenter, journalist, and politician (b. 1931) Yves Saint Laurent, French fashion designer (b. 1936) June 2 Bo Diddley, American musician (b. 1928) Mel Ferrer, American actor, director, and producer (b. 1917) June 4 – Agata Mróz-Olszewska, Polish volleyball player (b. 1982) June 5 – Jameson Mbilini Dlamini, 7th Prime Minister of Swaziland (b. 1932) June 7 Mustafa Khalil, 40th Prime Minister of Egypt (b. 1920) Dino Risi, Italian director (b. 1916) June 8 – Šaban Bajramović, Serbian musician (b. 1936) June 9 Karen Asrian, Armenian chess grandmaster (b. 1980) Algis Budrys, Lithuanian-American science fiction writer (b. 1931) June 10 – Chinghiz Aitmatov, Kyrgyzstani writer (b. 1928) June 11 Ove Andersson, Swedish rally driver (b. 1939) Võ Văn Kiệt, 5th Prime Minister of Vietnam (b. 1922) June 13 – Tim Russert, American journalist (b. 1950) June 15 – Stan Winston, American special effects and makeup artist (b. 1946) June 17 – Cyd Charisse, American actress and dancer (b. 1922) June 18 – Jean Delannoy, French film director (b. 1908) June 22 – George Carlin, American author, actor, and comedian (b. 1937) June 23 – Arthur Chung, 1st President of Guyana (b. 1918) June 24 – Leonid Hurwicz, American Nobel economist and mathematician (b. 1917) June 26 – Lilyan Chauvin, French-American actress, television host, and director (b. 1925) June 27 – Sam Manekshaw, Indian Field Marshal (b. 1914) June 28 – Ruslana Korshunova, Kazakhstani model (b. 1987) June 29 – Don S. Davis, American actor (b. 1942) July[edit] Main article: Deaths in July 2008 Jesse Helms Evelyn Keyes July 3 – Larry Harmon, American entertainer and television producer (b. 1925) July 4 Jesse Helms, American politician (b. 1921) Evelyn Keyes, American actress (b. 1916) July 5 – René Harris, 4-Time President of Nauru (b. 1947) July 11 – Michael E. DeBakey, American surgeon and inventor (b. 1908) July 12 – Tony Snow, American political commentator (b. 1955) July 13 – Bronisław Geremek, Polish social historian and politician (b. 1932) July 15 – György Kolonics, Hungarian canoeist (b. 1972) July 16 – Jo Stafford, American singer (b. 1917) July 22 – Estelle Getty, American actress (b. 1923) July 25 Johnny Griffin, American saxophonist (b. 1928) Tracy Hall, American physical chemist (b. 1919) Randy Pausch, American author and computer scientist (b. 1960) July 27 – Youssef Chahine, Egyptian film director (b. 1926) July 29 – Mate Parlov, Croatian boxer (b. 1948) August[edit] Main article: Deaths in August 2008 Bernie Mac Isaac Hayes August 1 Pauline Baynes, English illustrator (b. 1922) Harkishan Singh Surjeet, Indian politician (b. 1916) August 3 – Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Russian Nobel writer (b. 1918) August 9 Mahmoud Darwish, Palestinian poet (b. 1941) Bernie Mac, American actor and comedian (b. 1957) August 10 – Isaac Hayes, American singer, songwriter, and actor (b. 1942) August 11 – Fred Sinowatz, Austrian politician (b. 1929) August 13 – Henri Cartan, French mathematician (b. 1904) August 15 – Jerry Wexler, American music producer (b. 1917) August 16 Ronnie Drew, Irish singer (b. 1934) Masanobu Fukuoka, Japanese microbiologist (b. 1913) August 19 Levy Mwanawasa, 3rd President of Zambia (b. 1948) LeRoi Moore, American saxophonist (b. 1961) August 20 – Hua Guofeng, Chairman of the Communist Party and Chinese premier (b. 1921) August 23 – Thomas Huckle Weller, American Nobel virologist (b. 1915) August 28 – Phil Hill, American race car driver (b. 1927) September[edit] Main article: Deaths in September 2008 Paul Newman September 1 Don LaFontaine, American voice actor (b. 1940) Jerry Reed, American actor and country singer (b. 1937) September 2 – Bill Melendez, Mexican-American character animator, film director, voice artist and producer (b. 1916) September 6 Antonio Innocenti, Italian cardinal (b. 1915) Anita Page, American actress (b. 1910) September 9 Nouhak Phoumsavanh, 3rd President of Laos (b. 1910) Warith Deen Mohammed, American Muslim leader, theologian, philosopher and revivalist (b. 1933) September 12 – David Foster Wallace, American writer (b. 1962) September 15 – Richard Wright, English keyboardist (b. 1943) September 18 – Mauricio Kagel, Argentine composer (b. 1931) September 19 – Earl Palmer, American R&B Drummer (b. 1924) September 21 – Dingiri Banda Wijetunga, 9th Prime Minister and 4th President of Sri Lanka (b. 1916) September 26 – Paul Newman, American actor, film director, entrepreneur and philanthropist (b. 1925) October[edit] Main article: Deaths in October 2008 Jörg Haider Sœur Emmanuelle October 1 – Boris Yefimov, Russian political cartoonist (b. 1900) October 6 – Paavo Haavikko, Finnish poet (b. 1931) October 8 – George Emil Palade, Romanian Nobel cell biologist (b. 1912) October 10 – Alexey Prokurorov, Russian cross-country skier (b. 1964) October 11 – Jörg Haider, Austrian politician (b. 1950) October 13 Alexei Cherepanov, Russian Hockey Player (b. 1989) Guillaume Depardieu, French actor (b. 1971) Antonio José González Zumárraga, Ecuadorian cardinal (b. 1925) October 15 – Edie Adams, American actress, singer and businessman (b. 1927) October 20 – Sœur Emmanuelle, Belgian-born French nun (b. 1908) October 25 – Muslim Magomayev, Azerbaijani singer (b. 1942) October 26 – Tony Hillerman, American writer (b. 1925) October 29 – William Wharton, American author (b. 1925) October 31 – Studs Terkel, American author and liberal commentator (b. 1912) November[edit] Main article: Deaths in November 2008 Michael Crichton November 1 Jacques Piccard, Swiss explorer and engineer (b. 1922) Yma Sumac, Peruvian soprano (b. 1923) November 4 Michael Crichton, American author and producer (b. 1942) Juan Camilo Mouriño, Mexican politician (b. 1971) November 9 – Miriam Makeba, South African singer and civil rights activist (b. 1932) November 10 – Kiyosi Itô, Japanese mathematician (b. 1915) November 12 – Mitch Mitchell, English drummer (b. 1946) November 14 – Tsvetanka Khristova, Bulgarian athlete (b. 1962) November 22 – Ibrahim Nasir, 2nd President of the Maldives (b. 1926) November 27 – V. P. Singh, 7th Prime Minister of India (b. 1931) November 29 – Jørn Utzon, Danish architect (b. 1918) December[edit] Main article: Deaths in December 2008 Alexy II Horst Tappert León Febres Cordero Eartha Kitt December 1 Paul Benedict, American actor (b. 1938) Mikel Laboa, Basque singer and songwriter (b. 1934) December 2 Frank Crean, Australian politician (b. 1916) Odetta, American singer (b. 1930) December 4 – Forrest J Ackerman, American magazine editor, science fiction writer, and literary agent (b. 1916) December 5 Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow, Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church (b. 1928) Nina Foch, Dutch-born American actress (b. 1924) Beverly Garland, American actress (b. 1926) December 8 Oliver Postgate, British animator, puppeteer and writer (b. 1925) Robert Prosky, American actor (b. 1930) December 9 Yury Glazkov, Russian cosmonaut (b. 1939) Dražan Jerković, Croatian football player and manager (b. 1936) December 11 Daniel Carleton Gajdusek, American Nobel physician (b. 1923) Bettie Page, American pin-up model (b. 1923) December 12 Avery Dulles, American cardinal (b. 1918) Van Johnson, American actor (b. 1916) Tassos Papadopoulos, 5th President of Cyprus (b. 1934) December 13 – Horst Tappert, German actor (b. 1923) December 15 – León Febres Cordero, 35th President of Ecuador (b. 1931) December 18 Majel Barrett, American actress (b. 1932) Mark Felt, American FBI agent (b. 1913) December 19 – James Bevel, American minister and civil rights leader (b. 1936) December 20 Joseph Conombo, 3rd Prime Minister of Burkina Faso (b. 1917) Olga Lepeshinskaya, Russian ballerina (b. 1916) Robert Mulligan, American director (b. 1925) December 22 – Lansana Conté, 2nd President of Guinea (b. 1934) December 24 Samuel P. Huntington, American political scientist (b. 1927) Harold Pinter, English playwright, screenwriter, director and actor (b. 1930) December 25 – Eartha Kitt, American singer, actress, activist and author (b. 1927) December 29 – Freddie Hubbard, American jazz trumpeter (b. 1938) Nobel Prizes[edit] Nobel medal.png Chemistry – Martin Chalfie, Osamu Shimomura, and Roger Y. Tsien Economics – Paul Krugman Literature – Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio Peace – Martti Ahtisaari Physics – Makoto Kobayashi, Toshihide Maskawa, and Yoichiro Nambu Physiology or Medicine – Françoise Barré-Sinoussi, Harald zur Hausen, and Luc Montagnier Helvellyn Striding Edge Lake District

Site of Australia's 3rd. Settlement at Toongabbie
Site now located at the suburb of Old Toongabbie across the creek from Winston Hills, Sydney,

The Winston, Winston Hills, Sydney, NSW
170 Caroline Chisholm Drive, Winston Hills, NSW.

Paulette Goddard
Italian postcard by Rizzoli, Milano, 1939, for Orologi e Cinturini Delgia. Photo: Studio Chaplin. American actress Paulette Goddard (1905-1990) started her career as a fashion model and as a Ziegfeld Girl in several Broadway shows. In the 1940s, she became a major star of Paramount Pictures. She was Charlie Chaplin's leading lady in Modern Times (1936), and The Great Dictator. Goddard was nominated for an Oscar for Best Supporting Actress for So Proudly We Hail! (1943). Her husbands included Chaplin, Burgess Meredith, and Erich Maria Remarque. Paulette Goddard was born Pauline Marion Levy in Whitestone Landing, Long Island, New York. Sources variously cite her year of birth as 1911 and 1914, and the place as Whitestone Landing, New York, USA. However, municipal employees in Ronco, Switzerland, where she died, gave her birth year of record as 1905. Goddard was the daughter of Joseph Russell Levy, the son of a prosperous Jewish cigar manufacturer from Salt Lake City, and Alta Mae Goddard, who was of Episcopalian English heritage. They married in 1908 and separated while their daughter was very young, although the divorce did not become final until 1926. According to Goddard, her father left them, but according to J. R. Levy, Alta absconded with the child. Goddard was raised by her mother, and did not meet her father again until the late 1930s, after she had become famous. To avoid a custody battle, she and her mother moved often during her childhood, even relocating to Canada at one point. Goddard began modeling at an early age to support her mother and herself, working for Saks Fifth Avenue, Hattie Carnegie, and others. An important figure in her childhood was her great uncle, Charles Goddard, the owner of the American Druggists Syndicate. He played a central role in Goddard's career, introducing her to Broadway impresario Florenz Ziegfeld. She made her stage debut as a dancer in Ziegfeld's summer revue, 'No Foolin' (1926), which was also the first time that she used the stage name Paulette Goddard. Ziegfeld hired her for another musical, 'Rio Rita', which opened in February 1927, but she left the show after only three weeks to appear in the play 'The Unconquerable Male', produced by Archie Selwyn. It was, however, a flop and closed after only three days following its premiere in Atlantic City. Soon after the play closed, Goddard was introduced to the much older lumber tycoon Edgar James, president of the Southern Lumber Company, by Charles Goddard. She married him in June 1927 in Rye, New York, but the marriage was short. Goddard was granted a divorce in Reno, Nevada, in 1929, receiving a divorce settlement of $375,000. Tony Fontana at IMDb: "A stunning natural beauty, Paulette could mesmerize any man she met, a fact she was well aware of. " Paulette Goddard first visited Hollywood in 1929, when she appeared as an uncredited extra in two films, the Laurel and Hardy short film Berth Marks (Lewis R. Foster, 1929), and George Fitzmaurice's drama The Locked Door (1929). Following her divorce, she briefly visited Europe before returning to Hollywood in late 1930 with her mother. Her second attempt at acting was no more successful than the first, as she landed work only as an extra. In 1930, she signed her first film contract with producer Samuel Goldwyn to appear as a Goldwyn Girl in Whoopee! (Thornton Freeland, 1930) with Eddie Cantor. She also appeared in City Streets (Rouben Mamoulian, 1931) with Gary Cooper, Ladies of the Big House (Marion Gering, 1931) starring Sylvia Sidney, and The Girl Habit (Edward F. Cline, 1931) for Paramount, and The Mouthpiece (James Flood, Elliott Nugent, 1932) for Warners. Goldwyn and she did not get along, and she began working for Hal Roach Studios, appearing in a string of uncredited supporting roles for the next four years, including Young Ironsides (James Parrott, 1932) with Charley Chase, and Pack Up Your Troubles (1932) with Laurel and Hardy. One of her bigger roles in that period was as a blond 'Goldwyn Girl' in the Eddie Cantor film The Kid from Spain (Leo McCarey, 1932). Goldwyn also used Goddard in The Bowery (Raoul Walsh, 1933) with Wallace Beery, Roman Scandals (Frank Tuttle, 1933), and Kid Millions (Roy Del Ruth, 1934) with Eddie Cantor. The year she signed with Goldwyn, Goddard began dating Charlie Chaplin, a relationship that received substantial attention from the press. They were reportedly married in secret in Canton, China, in June 1936. It marked a turning point in Goddard's career when Chaplin cast her as his leading lady in his box office hit, Modern Times (1936). Her role as 'The Gamin', an orphan girl who runs away from the authorities and becomes The Tramp's companion, was her first credited film appearance and garnered her mainly positive reviews, Frank S. Nugent of The New York Times describing her as "the fitting recipient of the great Charlot's championship". Following the success of Modern Times, Chaplin planned other projects with Goddard in mind as a co-star, but he worked slowly, and Goddard worried that the public might forget about her if she did not continue to make regular film appearances. She signed a contract with David O. Selznick and appeared with Janet Gaynor in the comedy The Young in Heart (Richard Wallace, 1938) before Selznick lent her to MGM to appear in two films. The first of these, Dramatic School (Robert B. Sinclair, 1938), co-starred Luise Rainer, but the film received mediocre reviews and failed to attract an audience. Her next film, The Women (George Cukor, 1939), was a success. With an all-female cast headed by Norma Shearer, Joan Crawford, and Rosalind Russell, the film's supporting role of Miriam Aarons was played by Goddard. Pauline Kael later wrote of Goddard, "she is a stand-out. fun." David O' Selznick was pleased with Paulette Goddard's performances, particularly her work in The Young in Heart, and considered her for the role of Scarlett O'Hara in Gone With the Wind (Victor Fleming, 1939). Initial screen tests convinced Selznick and director George Cukor that Goddard would require coaching to be effective in the role, but that she showed promise, and she was the first actress given a Technicolor screen test. After he was introduced to Vivien Leigh, he wrote to his wife that Leigh was a "dark horse" and that his choice had "narrowed down to Paulette, Jean Arthur, Joan Bennett, and Vivien Leigh". After a series of tests with Leigh that pleased both Selznick and Cukor, Selznick cancelled the further tests that had been scheduled for Goddard, and the part was given to Leigh. Goddard's next film, The Cat and the Canary (Elliott Nugent, 1939) with Bob Hope, was a turning point in the careers of both actors. The success of the film established her as a genuine star. Her performance won her a ten-year contract with Paramount Studios, which was one of the premier studios of the day. They promptly were re-teamed in The Ghost Breakers (George Marshall, 1940), again a huge hit. Goddard starred with Chaplin again in his film The Great Dictator (1940). In 1942, Goddard was granted a Mexican divorce from Chaplin. The couple split amicably, with Chaplin agreeing to a generous settlement. At Paramount, Goddard was used by Cecil B. De Mille in the action epic North West Mounted Police (1940), playing the second female lead. She was Fred Astaire's leading lady in the acclaimed musical Second Chorus/Swing it (H.C. Potter, 1940), where she met actor Burgess Meredith, her third husband. Goddard made Pot o' Gold (George Marshall, 1941), a comedy with James Stewart, then supported Charles Boyer and Olivia de Havilland in Hold Back the Dawn (Mitchell Leisen, 1941), from a script by Wilder and Brackett, directed by Mitchell Leisen. Goddard was teamed with Hope for a third time in Nothing But the Truth (Elliott Nugent, 1942), then made The Lady Has Plans (Sidney Lanfield, 1942), a comedy with Ray Milland. She co-starred with Milland and John Wayne in Reap the Wild Wind (Cecil B. DeMille, 1942), playing the lead, a Scarlett O'Hara type character. The film was a huge hit. Goddard did The Forest Rangers (George Marshall, 1942) with Fred MacMurray. One of her better-remembered film appearances was in the variety musical Star Spangled Rhythm (George Marshall, 1943), in which she sang "A Sweater, a Sarong, and a Peekaboo Bang" with Dorothy Lamour and Veronica Lake. Paulette Goddard received one Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actress for So Proudly We Hail! (Mark Sandrich, 1943) opposite Claudette Colbert and Veronica Lake. She didn't win, but it solidified her as a top draw. Goddard was teamed with Fred MacMurray in the delightful comedy Standing Room Only (Sidney Lanfield, 1944) and Sonny Tufts in I Love a Soldier (Mark Sandrich, 1944). In May 1944, she married Burgess Meredith at David O. Selznick's home in Beverly Hills. Goddard's most successful film was Kitty (Mitchell Leisen, 1945), in which she played the title role. Denny Jackson/Robert Sieger at IMDb: "The film was a hit with moviegoers, as she played an ordinary English woman transformed into a duchess. The film was filled with plenty of comedy, dramatic and romantic scenes that appealed to virtually everyone." In The Diary of a Chambermaid (1946), Goddard starred with husband Burgess Meredith under the direction of Jean Renoir. It was made for United Artists. At Paramount she did Suddenly It's Spring (Mitchell Leisen, 1947) with Fred MacMurray, and De Mille's 18th century romantic drama Unconquered (Cecil B. DeMille, 1947), with Cary Grant. During the Hollywood Blacklist, when she and blacklisted husband Meredith were mobbed by a baying crowd screaming "Communists!" on their way to a premiere, Goddard is said to have turned to her husband and said, "Shall I roll down the window and hit them with my diamonds, Bugsy?" In 1947, she made An Ideal Husband in Britain for Alexander Korda, and was accompanied on a publicity trip to Brussels by Clarissa Spencer-Churchill, niece of Sir Winston Churchill and future wife of future Prime Minister Anthony Eden. She divorced Meredith in June 1949, and also left Paramount. In 1949, she formed Monterey Pictures with John Steinbeck. Goddard starred in Anna Lucasta (Irving Rapper, 1949), then went to Mexico for The Torch (Emilio Fernández, 1950). In England, she was in Babes in Bagdad (Edgar G. Ulmer, 1952), then she went to Hollywood for Vice Squad (Arnold Laven, 1953) with Edward G. Robinson, and Charge of the Lancers (William Castle, 1954) with Jean-Pierre Aumont. Her last starring role was in the English production A Stranger Came Home/The Unholy Four (Terence Fisher, 1954). Paulette Goddard began appearing in summer stock and on television, guest starring on episodes of Sherlock Holmes, an adaptation of The Women, this time playing the role of Sylvia Fowler, The Errol Flynn Theatre, The Joseph Cotten Show, and The Ford Television Theatre. She was in an episode of Adventures in Paradise and a TV version of The Phantom. After her marriage to Erich Maria Remarque in 1958, Goddard largely retired from acting and moved to Ronco sopra Ascona, Switzerland. In 1964, she attempted a comeback in films with a supporting role in the Italian film Gli indifferenti/Time of Indifference (Francesco Maselli, 1964), starring Claudia Cardinale and Rod Steiger, which was her last feature film. After Remarque's death in 1970, she made one last attempt at acting, when she accepted a small role in an episode of the TV series The Snoop Sisters, The Female Instinct (Leonards Stern, 1972) with Helen Hayes and Mildred Natwick. Upon Remarque's death, Goddard inherited much of his money and several important properties across Europe, including a wealth of contemporary art, which augmented her own long-standing collection. During this period, her talent at accumulating wealth became a byword among the old Hollywood élite. During the 1980s, she became a fairly well known (and highly visible) socialite in New York City, appearing covered with jewels at many high-profile cultural functions with several well-known men, including Andy Warhol, with whom she sustained a friendship for many years until his death in 1987. Paulette Goddard underwent invasive treatment for breast cancer in 1975, successfully by all accounts. In 1990, she died at her home in Switzerland from heart failure while under respiratory support due to emphysema, She is buried in Ronco Village Cemetery, next to Remarque and her mother. Goddard had no children. She became a stepmother to Charles Chaplin's two sons, Charles Chaplin Jr. and Sydney Chaplin, while she and Charlie were married. In his memoirs, 'My Father Charlie Chaplin' (1960), Charles Jr. describes her as a lovely, caring and intelligent woman throughout the book. In October 1944, she suffered the miscarriage of a son with Burgess Meredith. Goddard, whose own formal education did not go beyond high school, bequeathed US$20 million to New York University (NYU) in New York City. Sources: Tony Fontana (IMDb), Denny Jackson / Robert Sieger (IMDb), Wikipedia and IMDb. And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.

Paulette Goddard
Dutch postcard by S. & v. H., A. Photo: M.P.E.A. American actress Paulette Goddard (1905-1990) started her career as a fashion model and as a Ziegfeld Girl in several Broadway shows. In the 1940s, she became a major star of Paramount Pictures. She was Charlie Chaplin's leading lady in Modern Times (1936), and The Great Dictator. Goddard was nominated for an Oscar for Best Supporting Actress for So Proudly We Hail! (1943). Her husbands included Chaplin, Burgess Meredith, and Erich Maria Remarque. Paulette Goddard was born Pauline Marion Levy in Whitestone Landing, Long Island, New York. Sources variously cite her year of birth as 1911 and 1914, and the place as Whitestone Landing, New York, USA. However, municipal employees in Ronco, Switzerland, where she died, gave her birth year of record as 1905. Goddard was the daughter of Joseph Russell Levy, the son of a prosperous Jewish cigar manufacturer from Salt Lake City, and Alta Mae Goddard, who was of Episcopalian English heritage. They married in 1908 and separated while their daughter was very young, although the divorce did not become final until 1926. According to Goddard, her father left them, but according to J. R. Levy, Alta absconded with the child. Goddard was raised by her mother, and did not meet her father again until the late 1930s, after she had become famous. To avoid a custody battle, she and her mother moved often during her childhood, even relocating to Canada at one point. Goddard began modeling at an early age to support her mother and herself, working for Saks Fifth Avenue, Hattie Carnegie, and others. An important figure in her childhood was her great uncle, Charles Goddard, the owner of the American Druggists Syndicate. He played a central role in Goddard's career, introducing her to Broadway impresario Florenz Ziegfeld. She made her stage debut as a dancer in Ziegfeld's summer revue, 'No Foolin' (1926), which was also the first time that she used the stage name Paulette Goddard. Ziegfeld hired her for another musical, 'Rio Rita', which opened in February 1927, but she left the show after only three weeks to appear in the play 'The Unconquerable Male', produced by Archie Selwyn. It was, however, a flop and closed after only three days following its premiere in Atlantic City. Soon after the play closed, Goddard was introduced to the much older lumber tycoon Edgar James, president of the Southern Lumber Company, by Charles Goddard. She married him in June 1927 in Rye, New York, but the marriage was short. Goddard was granted a divorce in Reno, Nevada, in 1929, receiving a divorce settlement of $375,000. Tony Fontana at IMDb: "A stunning natural beauty, Paulette could mesmerize any man she met, a fact she was well aware of. " Paulette Goddard first visited Hollywood in 1929, when she appeared as an uncredited extra in two films, the Laurel and Hardy short film Berth Marks (Lewis R. Foster, 1929), and George Fitzmaurice's drama The Locked Door (1929). Following her divorce, she briefly visited Europe before returning to Hollywood in late 1930 with her mother. Her second attempt at acting was no more successful than the first, as she landed work only as an extra. In 1930, she signed her first film contract with producer Samuel Goldwyn to appear as a Goldwyn Girl in Whoopee! (Thornton Freeland, 1930) with Eddie Cantor. She also appeared in City Streets (Rouben Mamoulian, 1931) with Gary Cooper, Ladies of the Big House (Marion Gering, 1931) starring Sylvia Sidney, and The Girl Habit (Edward F. Cline, 1931) for Paramount, and The Mouthpiece (James Flood, Elliott Nugent, 1932) for Warners. Goldwyn and she did not get along, and she began working for Hal Roach Studios, appearing in a string of uncredited supporting roles for the next four years, including Young Ironsides (James Parrott, 1932) with Charley Chase, and Pack Up Your Troubles (1932) with Laurel and Hardy. One of her bigger roles in that period was as a blond 'Goldwyn Girl' in the Eddie Cantor film The Kid from Spain (Leo McCarey, 1932). Goldwyn also used Goddard in The Bowery (Raoul Walsh, 1933) with Wallace Beery, Roman Scandals (Frank Tuttle, 1933), and Kid Millions (Roy Del Ruth, 1934) with Eddie Cantor. The year she signed with Goldwyn, Goddard began dating Charlie Chaplin, a relationship that received substantial attention from the press. They were reportedly married in secret in Canton, China, in June 1936. It marked a turning point in Goddard's career when Chaplin cast her as his leading lady in his box office hit, Modern Times (1936). Her role as 'The Gamin', an orphan girl who runs away from the authorities and becomes The Tramp's companion, was her first credited film appearance and garnered her mainly positive reviews, Frank S. Nugent of The New York Times describing her as "the fitting recipient of the great Charlot's championship". Following the success of Modern Times, Chaplin planned other projects with Goddard in mind as a co-star, but he worked slowly, and Goddard worried that the public might forget about her if she did not continue to make regular film appearances. She signed a contract with David O. Selznick and appeared with Janet Gaynor in the comedy The Young in Heart (Richard Wallace, 1938) before Selznick lent her to MGM to appear in two films. The first of these, Dramatic School (Robert B. Sinclair, 1938), co-starred Luise Rainer, but the film received mediocre reviews and failed to attract an audience. Her next film, The Women (George Cukor, 1939), was a success. With an all-female cast headed by Norma Shearer, Joan Crawford, and Rosalind Russell, the film's supporting role of Miriam Aarons was played by Goddard. Pauline Kael later wrote of Goddard, "she is a stand-out. fun." David O' Selznick was pleased with Paulette Goddard's performances, particularly her work in The Young in Heart, and considered her for the role of Scarlett O'Hara in Gone With the Wind (Victor Fleming, 1939). Initial screen tests convinced Selznick and director George Cukor that Goddard would require coaching to be effective in the role, but that she showed promise, and she was the first actress given a Technicolor screen test. After he was introduced to Vivien Leigh, he wrote to his wife that Leigh was a "dark horse" and that his choice had "narrowed down to Paulette, Jean Arthur, Joan Bennett, and Vivien Leigh". After a series of tests with Leigh that pleased both Selznick and Cukor, Selznick cancelled the further tests that had been scheduled for Goddard, and the part was given to Leigh. Goddard's next film, The Cat and the Canary (Elliott Nugent, 1939) with Bob Hope, was a turning point in the careers of both actors. The success of the film established her as a genuine star. Her performance won her a ten-year contract with Paramount Studios, which was one of the premier studios of the day. They promptly were re-teamed in The Ghost Breakers (George Marshall, 1940), again a huge hit. Goddard starred with Chaplin again in his film The Great Dictator (1940). In 1942, Goddard was granted a Mexican divorce from Chaplin. The couple split amicably, with Chaplin agreeing to a generous settlement. At Paramount, Goddard was used by Cecil B. De Mille in the action epic North West Mounted Police (1940), playing the second female lead. She was Fred Astaire's leading lady in the acclaimed musical Second Chorus/Swing it (H.C. Potter, 1940), where she met actor Burgess Meredith, her third husband. Goddard made Pot o' Gold (George Marshall, 1941), a comedy with James Stewart, then supported Charles Boyer and Olivia de Havilland in Hold Back the Dawn (Mitchell Leisen, 1941), from a script by Wilder and Brackett, directed by Mitchell Leisen. Goddard was teamed with Hope for a third time in Nothing But the Truth (Elliott Nugent, 1942), then made The Lady Has Plans (Sidney Lanfield, 1942), a comedy with Ray Milland. She co-starred with Milland and John Wayne in Reap the Wild Wind (Cecil B. DeMille, 1942), playing the lead, a Scarlett O'Hara type character. The film was a huge hit. Goddard did The Forest Rangers (George Marshall, 1942) with Fred MacMurray. One of her better-remembered film appearances was in the variety musical Star Spangled Rhythm (George Marshall, 1943), in which she sang "A Sweater, a Sarong, and a Peekaboo Bang" with Dorothy Lamour and Veronica Lake. Paulette Goddard received one Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actress for So Proudly We Hail! (Mark Sandrich, 1943) opposite Claudette Colbert and Veronica Lake. She didn't win, but it solidified her as a top draw. Goddard was teamed with Fred MacMurray in the delightful comedy Standing Room Only (Sidney Lanfield, 1944) and Sonny Tufts in I Love a Soldier (Mark Sandrich, 1944). In May 1944, she married Burgess Meredith at David O. Selznick's home in Beverly Hills. Goddard's most successful film was Kitty (Mitchell Leisen, 1945), in which she played the title role. Denny Jackson/Robert Sieger at IMDb: "The film was a hit with moviegoers, as she played an ordinary English woman transformed into a duchess. The film was filled with plenty of comedy, dramatic and romantic scenes that appealed to virtually everyone." In The Diary of a Chambermaid (1946), Goddard starred with husband Burgess Meredith under the direction of Jean Renoir. It was made for United Artists. At Paramount she did Suddenly It's Spring (Mitchell Leisen, 1947) with Fred MacMurray, and De Mille's 18th century romantic drama Unconquered (Cecil B. DeMille, 1947), with Cary Grant. During the Hollywood Blacklist, when she and blacklisted husband Meredith were mobbed by a baying crowd screaming "Communists!" on their way to a premiere, Goddard is said to have turned to her husband and said, "Shall I roll down the window and hit them with my diamonds, Bugsy?" In 1947, she made An Ideal Husband in Britain for Alexander Korda, and was accompanied on a publicity trip to Brussels by Clarissa Spencer-Churchill, niece of Sir Winston Churchill and future wife of future Prime Minister Anthony Eden. She divorced Meredith in June 1949, and also left Paramount. In 1949, she formed Monterey Pictures with John Steinbeck. Goddard starred in Anna Lucasta (Irving Rapper, 1949), then went to Mexico for The Torch (Emilio Fernández, 1950). In England, she was in Babes in Bagdad (Edgar G. Ulmer, 1952), then she went to Hollywood for Vice Squad (Arnold Laven, 1953) with Edward G. Robinson, and Charge of the Lancers (William Castle, 1954) with Jean-Pierre Aumont. Her last starring role was in the English production A Stranger Came Home/The Unholy Four (Terence Fisher, 1954). Paulette Goddard began appearing in summer stock and on television, guest starring on episodes of Sherlock Holmes, an adaptation of The Women, this time playing the role of Sylvia Fowler, The Errol Flynn Theatre, The Joseph Cotten Show, and The Ford Television Theatre. She was in an episode of Adventures in Paradise and a TV version of The Phantom. After her marriage to Erich Maria Remarque in 1958, Goddard largely retired from acting and moved to Ronco sopra Ascona, Switzerland. In 1964, she attempted a comeback in films with a supporting role in the Italian film Gli indifferenti/Time of Indifference (Francesco Maselli, 1964), starring Claudia Cardinale and Rod Steiger, which was her last feature film. After Remarque's death in 1970, she made one last attempt at acting, when she accepted a small role in an episode of the TV series The Snoop Sisters, The Female Instinct (Leonards Stern, 1972) with Helen Hayes and Mildred Natwick. Upon Remarque's death, Goddard inherited much of his money and several important properties across Europe, including a wealth of contemporary art, which augmented her own long-standing collection. During this period, her talent at accumulating wealth became a byword among the old Hollywood élite. During the 1980s, she became a fairly well known (and highly visible) socialite in New York City, appearing covered with jewels at many high-profile cultural functions with several well-known men, including Andy Warhol, with whom she sustained a friendship for many years until his death in 1987. Paulette Goddard underwent invasive treatment for breast cancer in 1975, successfully by all accounts. In 1990, she died at her home in Switzerland from heart failure while under respiratory support due to emphysema, She is buried in Ronco Village Cemetery, next to Remarque and her mother. Goddard had no children. She became a stepmother to Charles Chaplin's two sons, Charles Chaplin Jr. and Sydney Chaplin, while she and Charlie were married. In his memoirs, 'My Father Charlie Chaplin' (1960), Charles Jr. describes her as a lovely, caring and intelligent woman throughout the book. In October 1944, she suffered the miscarriage of a son with Burgess Meredith. Goddard, whose own formal education did not go beyond high school, bequeathed US$20 million to New York University (NYU) in New York City. Sources: Tony Fontana (IMDb), Denny Jackson / Robert Sieger (IMDb), Wikipedia and IMDb. And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.

Paulette Goddard in Unconquered (1947)
German postcard by F.J. Rüdel, Filmpostkarten-Verlag, Hamburg-Bergedorf, no. 211. Photo: Paramount. Paulette Goddard in Unconquered (Cecil B. DeMille, 1947). American actress Paulette Goddard (1905-1990) started her career as a fashion model and as a Ziegfeld Girl in several Broadway shows. In the 1940s, she became a major star of Paramount Pictures. She was Charlie Chaplin's leading lady in Modern Times (1936), and The Great Dictator. Goddard was nominated for an Oscar for Best Supporting Actress for So Proudly We Hail! (1943). Her husbands included Chaplin, Burgess Meredith, and Erich Maria Remarque. Paulette Goddard was born Pauline Marion Levy in Whitestone Landing, Long Island, New York. Sources variously cite her year of birth as 1911 and 1914, and the place as Whitestone Landing, New York, USA. However, municipal employees in Ronco, Switzerland, where she died, gave her birth year of record as 1905. Goddard was the daughter of Joseph Russell Levy, the son of a prosperous Jewish cigar manufacturer from Salt Lake City, and Alta Mae Goddard, who was of Episcopalian English heritage. They married in 1908 and separated while their daughter was very young, although the divorce did not become final until 1926. According to Goddard, her father left them, but according to J. R. Levy, Alta absconded with the child. Goddard was raised by her mother and did not meet her father again until the late 1930s, after she had become famous. To avoid a custody battle, she and her mother moved often during her childhood, even relocating to Canada at one point. Goddard began modeling at an early age to support her mother and herself, working for Saks Fifth Avenue, Hattie Carnegie, and others. An important figure in her childhood was her great uncle, Charles Goddard, the owner of the American Druggists Syndicate. He played a central role in Goddard's career, introducing her to Broadway impresario Florenz Ziegfeld. She made her stage debut as a dancer in Ziegfeld's summer revue, 'No Foolin' (1926), which was also the first time that she used the stage name Paulette Goddard. Ziegfeld hired her for another musical, 'Rio Rita', which opened in February 1927, but she left the show after only three weeks to appear in the play 'The Unconquerable Male', produced by Archie Selwyn. It was, however, a flop and closed after only three days following its premiere in Atlantic City. Soon after the play closed, Goddard was introduced to the much older lumber tycoon Edgar James, president of the Southern Lumber Company, by Charles Goddard. She married him in June 1927 in Rye, New York, but the marriage was short. Goddard was granted a divorce in Reno, Nevada, in 1929, receiving a divorce settlement of $375,000. Tony Fontana at IMDb: "A stunning natural beauty, Paulette could mesmerize any man she met, a fact she was well aware of. " Paulette Goddard first visited Hollywood in 1929, when she appeared as an uncredited extra in two films, the Laurel and Hardy short film Berth Marks (Lewis R. Foster, 1929), and George Fitzmaurice's drama The Locked Door (1929). Following her divorce, she briefly visited Europe before returning to Hollywood in late 1930 with her mother. Her second attempt at acting was no more successful than the first, as she landed work only as an extra. In 1930, she signed her first film contract with producer Samuel Goldwyn to appear as a Goldwyn Girl in Whoopee! (Thornton Freeland, 1930) with Eddie Cantor. She also appeared in City Streets (Rouben Mamoulian, 1931) with Gary Cooper, Ladies of the Big House (Marion Gering, 1931) starring Sylvia Sidney, and The Girl Habit (Edward F. Cline, 1931) for Paramount, and The Mouthpiece (James Flood, Elliott Nugent, 1932) for Warners. Goldwyn and she did not get along, and she began working for Hal Roach Studios, appearing in a string of uncredited supporting roles for the next four years, including Young Ironsides (James Parrott, 1932) with Charley Chase, and Pack Up Your Troubles (1932) with Laurel and Hardy. One of her bigger roles in that period was as a blond 'Goldwyn Girl' in the Eddie Cantor film The Kid from Spain (Leo McCarey, 1932). Goldwyn also used Goddard in The Bowery (Raoul Walsh, 1933) with Wallace Beery, Roman Scandals (Frank Tuttle, 1933), and Kid Millions (Roy Del Ruth, 1934) with Eddie Cantor. The year she signed with Goldwyn, Goddard began dating Charlie Chaplin, a relationship that received substantial attention from the press. They were reportedly married in secret in Canton, China, in June 1936. It marked a turning point in Goddard's career when Chaplin cast her as his leading lady in his box office hit, Modern Times (1936). Her role as 'The Gamin', an orphan girl who runs away from the authorities and becomes The Tramp's companion, was her first credited film appearance and garnered her mainly positive reviews, Frank S. Nugent of The New York Times describing her as "the fitting recipient of the great Charlot's championship". Following the success of Modern Times, Chaplin planned other projects with Goddard in mind as a co-star, but he worked slowly, and Goddard worried that the public might forget about her if she did not continue to make regular film appearances. She signed a contract with David O. Selznick and appeared with Janet Gaynor in the comedy The Young in Heart (Richard Wallace, 1938) before Selznick lent her to MGM to appear in two films. The first of these, Dramatic School (Robert B. Sinclair, 1938), co-starred Luise Rainer, but the film received mediocre reviews and failed to attract an audience. Her next film, The Women (George Cukor, 1939), was a success. With an all-female cast headed by Norma Shearer, Joan Crawford, and Rosalind Russell, the film's supporting role of Miriam Aarons was played by Goddard. Pauline Kael later wrote of Goddard, "she is a stand-out. fun." David O' Selznick was pleased with Paulette Goddard's performances, particularly her work in The Young in Heart, and considered her for the role of Scarlett O'Hara in Gone With the Wind (Victor Fleming, 1939). Initial screen tests convinced Selznick and director George Cukor that Goddard would require coaching to be effective in the role, but that she showed promise, and she was the first actress given a Technicolor screen test. After he was introduced to Vivien Leigh, he wrote to his wife that Leigh was a "dark horse" and that his choice had "narrowed down to Paulette, Jean Arthur, Joan Bennett, and Vivien Leigh". After a series of tests with Leigh that pleased both Selznick and Cukor, Selznick cancelled the further tests that had been scheduled for Goddard, and the part was given to Leigh. Goddard's next film, The Cat and the Canary (Elliott Nugent, 1939) with Bob Hope, was a turning point in the careers of both actors. The success of the film established her as a genuine star. Her performance won her a ten-year contract with Paramount Studios, which was one of the premier studios of the day. They promptly were re-teamed in The Ghost Breakers (George Marshall, 1940), again a huge hit. Goddard starred with Chaplin again in his film The Great Dictator (1940). In 1942, Goddard was granted a Mexican divorce from Chaplin. The couple split amicably, with Chaplin agreeing to a generous settlement. At Paramount, Goddard was used by Cecil B. De Mille in the action epic North West Mounted Police (1940), playing the second female lead. She was Fred Astaire's leading lady in the acclaimed musical Second Chorus/Swing it (H.C. Potter, 1940), where she met actor Burgess Meredith, her third husband. Goddard made Pot o' Gold (George Marshall, 1941), a comedy with James Stewart, then supported Charles Boyer and Olivia de Havilland in Hold Back the Dawn (Mitchell Leisen, 1941), from a script by Wilder and Brackett, directed by Mitchell Leisen. Goddard was teamed with Hope for a third time in Nothing But the Truth (Elliott Nugent, 1942), then made The Lady Has Plans (Sidney Lanfield, 1942), a comedy with Ray Milland. She co-starred with Milland and John Wayne in Reap the Wild Wind (Cecil B. DeMille, 1942), playing the lead, a Scarlett O'Hara type character. The film was a huge hit. Goddard did The Forest Rangers (George Marshall, 1942) with Fred MacMurray. One of her better-remembered film appearances was in the variety musical Star Spangled Rhythm (George Marshall, 1943), in which she sang "A Sweater, a Sarong, and a Peekaboo Bang" with Dorothy Lamour and Veronica Lake. Paulette Goddard received one Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actress for So Proudly We Hail! (Mark Sandrich, 1943) opposite Claudette Colbert and Veronica Lake. She didn't win, but it solidified her as a top draw. Goddard was teamed with Fred MacMurray in the delightful comedy Standing Room Only (Sidney Lanfield, 1944) and Sonny Tufts in I Love a Soldier (Mark Sandrich, 1944). In May 1944, she married Burgess Meredith at David O. Selznick's home in Beverly Hills. Goddard's most successful film was Kitty (Mitchell Leisen, 1945), in which she played the title role. Denny Jackson/Robert Sieger at IMDb: "The film was a hit with moviegoers, as she played an ordinary English woman transformed into a duchess. The film was filled with plenty of comedy, dramatic and romantic scenes that appealed to virtually everyone." In The Diary of a Chambermaid (1946), Goddard starred with husband Burgess Meredith under the direction of Jean Renoir. It was made for United Artists. At Paramount she did Suddenly It's Spring (Mitchell Leisen, 1947) with Fred MacMurray, and De Mille's 18th-century romantic drama Unconquered (Cecil B. DeMille, 1947), with Cary Grant. During the Hollywood Blacklist, when she and blacklisted husband Meredith were mobbed by a baying crowd screaming "Communists!" on their way to a premiere, Goddard is said to have turned to her husband and said, "Shall I roll down the window and hit them with my diamonds, Bugsy?" In 1947, she made An Ideal Husband in Britain for Alexander Korda and was accompanied on a publicity trip to Brussels by Clarissa Spencer-Churchill, niece of Sir Winston Churchill and future wife of future Prime Minister Anthony Eden. She divorced Meredith in June 1949, and also left Paramount. In 1949, she formed Monterey Pictures with John Steinbeck. Goddard starred in Anna Lucasta (Irving Rapper, 1949), then went to Mexico for The Torch (Emilio Fernández, 1950). In England, she was in Babes in Bagdad (Edgar G. Ulmer, 1952), then she went to Hollywood for Vice Squad (Arnold Laven, 1953) with Edward G. Robinson, and Charge of the Lancers (William Castle, 1954) with Jean-Pierre Aumont. Her last starring role was in the English production A Stranger Came Home/The Unholy Four (Terence Fisher, 1954). Paulette Goddard began appearing in summer stock and on television, guest-starring on episodes of Sherlock Holmes, an adaptation of The Women, this time playing the role of Sylvia Fowler, The Errol Flynn Theatre, The Joseph Cotten Show, and The Ford Television Theatre. She was in an episode of Adventures in Paradise and a TV version of The Phantom. After her marriage to Erich Maria Remarque in 1958, Goddard largely retired from acting and moved to Ronco sopra Ascona, Switzerland. In 1964, she attempted a comeback in films with a supporting role in the Italian film Gli indifferenti/Time of Indifference (Francesco Maselli, 1964), starring Claudia Cardinale and Rod Steiger, which was her last feature film. After Remarque's death in 1970, she made one last attempt at acting, when she accepted a small role in an episode of the TV series The Snoop Sisters, The Female Instinct (Leonards Stern, 1972) with Helen Hayes and Mildred Natwick. Upon Remarque's death, Goddard inherited much of his money and several important properties across Europe, including a wealth of contemporary art, which augmented her own long-standing collection. During this period, her talent at accumulating wealth became a byword among the old Hollywood élite. During the 1980s, she became a fairly well known (and highly visible) socialite in New York City, appearing covered with jewels at many high-profile cultural functions with several well-known men, including Andy Warhol, with whom she sustained a friendship for many years until his death in 1987. Paulette Goddard underwent invasive treatment for breast cancer in 1975, successfully by all accounts. In 1990, she died at her home in Switzerland from heart failure while under respiratory support due to emphysema, She is buried in Ronco Village Cemetery, next to Remarque and her mother. Goddard had no children. She became a stepmother to Charles Chaplin's two sons, Charles Chaplin Jr. and Sydney Chaplin, while she and Charlie were married. In his memoirs, 'My Father Charlie Chaplin' (1960), Charles Jr. describes her as a lovely, caring and intelligent woman throughout the book. In October 1944, she suffered the miscarriage of a son with Burgess Meredith. Goddard, whose own formal education did not go beyond high school, bequeathed US$20 million to New York University (NYU) in New York City. Sources: Tony Fontana (IMDb), Denny Jackson / Robert Sieger (IMDb), Wikipedia and IMDb. And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.

Paulette Goddard
French postcard by Editions P.I., Paris, no. 267. Photo: Paramount, 1950. American actress Paulette Goddard (1905-1990) started her career as a fashion model and as a Ziegfeld Girl in several Broadway shows. In the 1940s, she became a major star of Paramount Pictures. She was Charlie Chaplin's leading lady in Modern Times (1936), and The Great Dictator. Goddard was nominated for an Oscar for Best Supporting Actress for So Proudly We Hail! (1943). Her husbands included Chaplin, Burgess Meredith, and Erich Maria Remarque. Paulette Goddard was born Pauline Marion Levy in Whitestone Landing, Long Island, New York. Sources variously cite her year of birth as 1911 and 1914, and the place as Whitestone Landing, New York, USA. However, municipal employees in Ronco, Switzerland, where she died, gave her birth year of record as 1905. Goddard was the daughter of Joseph Russell Levy, the son of a prosperous Jewish cigar manufacturer from Salt Lake City, and Alta Mae Goddard, who was of Episcopalian English heritage. They married in 1908 and separated while their daughter was very young, although the divorce did not become final until 1926. According to Goddard, her father left them, but according to J. R. Levy, Alta absconded with the child. Goddard was raised by her mother, and did not meet her father again until the late 1930s, after she had become famous. To avoid a custody battle, she and her mother moved often during her childhood, even relocating to Canada at one point. Goddard began modeling at an early age to support her mother and herself, working for Saks Fifth Avenue, Hattie Carnegie, and others. An important figure in her childhood was her great uncle, Charles Goddard, the owner of the American Druggists Syndicate. He played a central role in Goddard's career, introducing her to Broadway impresario Florenz Ziegfeld. She made her stage debut as a dancer in Ziegfeld's summer revue, 'No Foolin' (1926), which was also the first time that she used the stage name Paulette Goddard. Ziegfeld hired her for another musical, 'Rio Rita', which opened in February 1927, but she left the show after only three weeks to appear in the play 'The Unconquerable Male', produced by Archie Selwyn. It was, however, a flop and closed after only three days following its premiere in Atlantic City. Soon after the play closed, Goddard was introduced to the much older lumber tycoon Edgar James, president of the Southern Lumber Company, by Charles Goddard. She married him in June 1927 in Rye, New York, but the marriage was short. Goddard was granted a divorce in Reno, Nevada, in 1929, receiving a divorce settlement of $375,000. Tony Fontana at IMDb: "A stunning natural beauty, Paulette could mesmerize any man she met, a fact she was well aware of. " Paulette Goddard first visited Hollywood in 1929, when she appeared as an uncredited extra in two films, the Laurel and Hardy short film Berth Marks (Lewis R. Foster, 1929), and George Fitzmaurice's drama The Locked Door (1929). Following her divorce, she briefly visited Europe before returning to Hollywood in late 1930 with her mother. Her second attempt at acting was no more successful than the first, as she landed work only as an extra. In 1930, she signed her first film contract with producer Samuel Goldwyn to appear as a Goldwyn Girl in Whoopee! (Thornton Freeland, 1930) with Eddie Cantor. She also appeared in City Streets (Rouben Mamoulian, 1931) with Gary Cooper, Ladies of the Big House (Marion Gering, 1931) starring Sylvia Sidney, and The Girl Habit (Edward F. Cline, 1931) for Paramount, and The Mouthpiece (James Flood, Elliott Nugent, 1932) for Warners. Goldwyn and she did not get along, and she began working for Hal Roach Studios, appearing in a string of uncredited supporting roles for the next four years, including Young Ironsides (James Parrott, 1932) with Charley Chase, and Pack Up Your Troubles (1932) with Laurel and Hardy. One of her bigger roles in that period was as a blond 'Goldwyn Girl' in the Eddie Cantor film The Kid from Spain (Leo McCarey, 1932). Goldwyn also used Goddard in The Bowery (Raoul Walsh, 1933) with Wallace Beery, Roman Scandals (Frank Tuttle, 1933), and Kid Millions (Roy Del Ruth, 1934) with Eddie Cantor. The year she signed with Goldwyn, Goddard began dating Charlie Chaplin, a relationship that received substantial attention from the press. They were reportedly married in secret in Canton, China, in June 1936. It marked a turning point in Goddard's career when Chaplin cast her as his leading lady in his box office hit, Modern Times (1936). Her role as 'The Gamin', an orphan girl who runs away from the authorities and becomes The Tramp's companion, was her first credited film appearance and garnered her mainly positive reviews, Frank S. Nugent of The New York Times describing her as "the fitting recipient of the great Charlot's championship". Following the success of Modern Times, Chaplin planned other projects with Goddard in mind as a co-star, but he worked slowly, and Goddard worried that the public might forget about her if she did not continue to make regular film appearances. She signed a contract with David O. Selznick and appeared with Janet Gaynor in the comedy The Young in Heart (Richard Wallace, 1938) before Selznick lent her to MGM to appear in two films. The first of these, Dramatic School (Robert B. Sinclair, 1938), co-starred Luise Rainer, but the film received mediocre reviews and failed to attract an audience. Her next film, The Women (George Cukor, 1939), was a success. With an all-female cast headed by Norma Shearer, Joan Crawford, and Rosalind Russell, the film's supporting role of Miriam Aarons was played by Goddard. Pauline Kael later wrote of Goddard, "she is a stand-out. fun." David O' Selznick was pleased with Paulette Goddard's performances, particularly her work in The Young in Heart, and considered her for the role of Scarlett O'Hara in Gone With the Wind (Victor Fleming, 1939). Initial screen tests convinced Selznick and director George Cukor that Goddard would require coaching to be effective in the role, but that she showed promise, and she was the first actress given a Technicolor screen test. After he was introduced to Vivien Leigh, he wrote to his wife that Leigh was a "dark horse" and that his choice had "narrowed down to Paulette, Jean Arthur, Joan Bennett, and Vivien Leigh". After a series of tests with Leigh that pleased both Selznick and Cukor, Selznick cancelled the further tests that had been scheduled for Goddard, and the part was given to Leigh. Goddard's next film, The Cat and the Canary (Elliott Nugent, 1939) with Bob Hope, was a turning point in the careers of both actors. The success of the film established her as a genuine star. Her performance won her a ten-year contract with Paramount Studios, which was one of the premier studios of the day. They promptly were re-teamed in The Ghost Breakers (George Marshall, 1940), again a huge hit. Goddard starred with Chaplin again in his film The Great Dictator (1940). In 1942, Goddard was granted a Mexican divorce from Chaplin. The couple split amicably, with Chaplin agreeing to a generous settlement. At Paramount, Goddard was used by Cecil B. De Mille in the action epic North West Mounted Police (1940), playing the second female lead. She was Fred Astaire's leading lady in the acclaimed musical Second Chorus/Swing it (H.C. Potter, 1940), where she met actor Burgess Meredith, her third husband. Goddard made Pot o' Gold (George Marshall, 1941), a comedy with James Stewart, then supported Charles Boyer and Olivia de Havilland in Hold Back the Dawn (Mitchell Leisen, 1941), from a script by Wilder and Brackett, directed by Mitchell Leisen. Goddard was teamed with Hope for a third time in Nothing But the Truth (Elliott Nugent, 1942), then made The Lady Has Plans (Sidney Lanfield, 1942), a comedy with Ray Milland. She co-starred with Milland and John Wayne in Reap the Wild Wind (Cecil B. DeMille, 1942), playing the lead, a Scarlett O'Hara type character. The film was a huge hit. Goddard did The Forest Rangers (George Marshall, 1942) with Fred MacMurray. One of her better-remembered film appearances was in the variety musical Star Spangled Rhythm (George Marshall, 1943), in which she sang "A Sweater, a Sarong, and a Peekaboo Bang" with Dorothy Lamour and Veronica Lake. Paulette Goddard received one Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actress for So Proudly We Hail! (Mark Sandrich, 1943) opposite Claudette Colbert and Veronica Lake. She didn't win, but it solidified her as a top draw. Goddard was teamed with Fred MacMurray in the delightful comedy Standing Room Only (Sidney Lanfield, 1944) and Sonny Tufts in I Love a Soldier (Mark Sandrich, 1944). In May 1944, she married Burgess Meredith at David O. Selznick's home in Beverly Hills. Goddard's most successful film was Kitty (Mitchell Leisen, 1945), in which she played the title role. Denny Jackson/Robert Sieger at IMDb: "The film was a hit with moviegoers, as she played an ordinary English woman transformed into a duchess. The film was filled with plenty of comedy, dramatic and romantic scenes that appealed to virtually everyone." In The Diary of a Chambermaid (1946), Goddard starred with husband Burgess Meredith under the direction of Jean Renoir. It was made for United Artists. At Paramount she did Suddenly It's Spring (Mitchell Leisen, 1947) with Fred MacMurray, and De Mille's 18th century romantic drama Unconquered (Cecil B. DeMille, 1947), with Cary Grant. During the Hollywood Blacklist, when she and blacklisted husband Meredith were mobbed by a baying crowd screaming "Communists!" on their way to a premiere, Goddard is said to have turned to her husband and said, "Shall I roll down the window and hit them with my diamonds, Bugsy?" In 1947, she made An Ideal Husband in Britain for Alexander Korda, and was accompanied on a publicity trip to Brussels by Clarissa Spencer-Churchill, niece of Sir Winston Churchill and future wife of future Prime Minister Anthony Eden. She divorced Meredith in June 1949, and also left Paramount. In 1949, she formed Monterey Pictures with John Steinbeck. Goddard starred in Anna Lucasta (Irving Rapper, 1949), then went to Mexico for The Torch (Emilio Fernández, 1950). In England, she was in Babes in Bagdad (Edgar G. Ulmer, 1952), then she went to Hollywood for Vice Squad (Arnold Laven, 1953) with Edward G. Robinson, and Charge of the Lancers (William Castle, 1954) with Jean-Pierre Aumont. Her last starring role was in the English production A Stranger Came Home/The Unholy Four (Terence Fisher, 1954). Paulette Goddard began appearing in summer stock and on television, guest starring on episodes of Sherlock Holmes, an adaptation of The Women, this time playing the role of Sylvia Fowler, The Errol Flynn Theatre, The Joseph Cotten Show, and The Ford Television Theatre. She was in an episode of Adventures in Paradise and a TV version of The Phantom. After her marriage to Erich Maria Remarque in 1958, Goddard largely retired from acting and moved to Ronco sopra Ascona, Switzerland. In 1964, she attempted a comeback in films with a supporting role in the Italian film Gli indifferenti/Time of Indifference (Francesco Maselli, 1964), starring Claudia Cardinale and Rod Steiger, which was her last feature film. After Remarque's death in 1970, she made one last attempt at acting, when she accepted a small role in an episode of the TV series The Snoop Sisters, The Female Instinct (Leonards Stern, 1972) with Helen Hayes and Mildred Natwick. Upon Remarque's death, Goddard inherited much of his money and several important properties across Europe, including a wealth of contemporary art, which augmented her own long-standing collection. During this period, her talent at accumulating wealth became a byword among the old Hollywood élite. During the 1980s, she became a fairly well known (and highly visible) socialite in New York City, appearing covered with jewels at many high-profile cultural functions with several well-known men, including Andy Warhol, with whom she sustained a friendship for many years until his death in 1987. Paulette Goddard underwent invasive treatment for breast cancer in 1975, successfully by all accounts. In 1990, she died at her home in Switzerland from heart failure while under respiratory support due to emphysema, She is buried in Ronco Village Cemetery, next to Remarque and her mother. Goddard had no children. She became a stepmother to Charles Chaplin's two sons, Charles Chaplin Jr. and Sydney Chaplin, while she and Charlie were married. In his memoirs, 'My Father Charlie Chaplin' (1960), Charles Jr. describes her as a lovely, caring and intelligent woman throughout the book. In October 1944, she suffered the miscarriage of a son with Burgess Meredith. Goddard, whose own formal education did not go beyond high school, bequeathed US$20 million to New York University (NYU) in New York City. Sources: Tony Fontana (IMDb), Denny Jackson / Robert Sieger (IMDb), Wikipedia and IMDb. And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.

Paulette Goddard
French postcard by Editions P.I., Paris, no. 267. Photo: Paramount, 1948. American actress Paulette Goddard (1905-1990) started her career as a fashion model and as a Ziegfeld Girl in several Broadway shows. In the 1940s, she became a major star of Paramount Pictures. She was Charlie Chaplin's leading lady in Modern Times (1936), and The Great Dictator. Goddard was nominated for an Oscar for Best Supporting Actress for So Proudly We Hail! (1943). Her husbands included Chaplin, Burgess Meredith, and Erich Maria Remarque. Paulette Goddard was born Pauline Marion Levy in Whitestone Landing, Long Island, New York. Sources variously cite her year of birth as 1911 and 1914, and the place as Whitestone Landing, New York, USA. However, municipal employees in Ronco, Switzerland, where she died, gave her birth year of record as 1905. Goddard was the daughter of Joseph Russell Levy, the son of a prosperous Jewish cigar manufacturer from Salt Lake City, and Alta Mae Goddard, who was of Episcopalian English heritage. They married in 1908 and separated while their daughter was very young, although the divorce did not become final until 1926. According to Goddard, her father left them, but according to J. R. Levy, Alta absconded with the child. Goddard was raised by her mother and did not meet her father again until the late 1930s after she had become famous. To avoid a custody battle, she and her mother moved often during her childhood, even relocating to Canada at one point. Goddard began modeling at an early age to support her mother and herself, working for Saks Fifth Avenue, Hattie Carnegie, and others. An important figure in her childhood was her great uncle, Charles Goddard, the owner of the American Druggists Syndicate. He played a central role in Goddard's career, introducing her to Broadway impresario Florenz Ziegfeld. She made her stage debut as a dancer in Ziegfeld's summer revue, 'No Foolin' (1926), which was also the first time that she used the stage name Paulette Goddard. Ziegfeld hired her for another musical, 'Rio Rita', which opened in February 1927, but she left the show after only three weeks to appear in the play 'The Unconquerable Male', produced by Archie Selwyn. It was, however, a flop and closed after only three days following its premiere in Atlantic City. Soon after the play closed, Goddard was introduced to the much older lumber tycoon Edgar James, president of the Southern Lumber Company, by Charles Goddard. She married him in June 1927 in Rye, New York, but the marriage was short. Goddard was granted a divorce in Reno, Nevada, in 1929, receiving a divorce settlement of $375,000. Tony Fontana at IMDb: "A stunning natural beauty, Paulette could mesmerize any man she met, a fact she was well aware of. " Paulette Goddard first visited Hollywood in 1929, when she appeared as an uncredited extra in two films, the Laurel and Hardy short film Berth Marks (Lewis R. Foster, 1929), and George Fitzmaurice's drama The Locked Door (1929). Following her divorce, she briefly visited Europe before returning to Hollywood in late 1930 with her mother. Her second attempt at acting was no more successful than the first, as she landed work only as an extra. In 1930, she signed her first film contract with producer Samuel Goldwyn to appear as a Goldwyn Girl in Whoopee! (Thornton Freeland, 1930) with Eddie Cantor. She also appeared in City Streets (Rouben Mamoulian, 1931) with Gary Cooper, Ladies of the Big House (Marion Gering, 1931) starring Sylvia Sidney, and The Girl Habit (Edward F. Cline, 1931) for Paramount, and The Mouthpiece (James Flood, Elliott Nugent, 1932) for Warners. Goldwyn and she did not get along, and she began working for Hal Roach Studios, appearing in a string of uncredited supporting roles for the next four years, including Young Ironsides (James Parrott, 1932) with Charley Chase, and Pack Up Your Troubles (1932) with Laurel and Hardy. One of her bigger roles in that period was as a blond 'Goldwyn Girl' in the Eddie Cantor film The Kid from Spain (Leo McCarey, 1932). Goldwyn also used Goddard in The Bowery (Raoul Walsh, 1933) with Wallace Beery, Roman Scandals (Frank Tuttle, 1933), and Kid Millions (Roy Del Ruth, 1934) with Eddie Cantor. The year she signed with Goldwyn, Goddard began dating Charlie Chaplin, a relationship that received substantial attention from the press. They were reportedly married in secret in Canton, China, in June 1936. It marked a turning point in Goddard's career when Chaplin cast her as his leading lady in his box office hit, Modern Times (1936). Her role as 'The Gamin', an orphan girl who runs away from the authorities and becomes The Tramp's companion, was her first credited film appearance and garnered her mainly positive reviews, Frank S. Nugent of The New York Times describing her as "the fitting recipient of the great Charlot's championship". Following the success of Modern Times, Chaplin planned other projects with Goddard in mind as a co-star, but he worked slowly, and Goddard worried that the public might forget about her if she did not continue to make regular film appearances. She signed a contract with David O. Selznick and appeared with Janet Gaynor in the comedy The Young in Heart (Richard Wallace, 1938) before Selznick lent her to MGM to appear in two films. The first of these, Dramatic School (Robert B. Sinclair, 1938), co-starred Luise Rainer, but the film received mediocre reviews and failed to attract an audience. Her next film, The Women (George Cukor, 1939), was a success. With an all-female cast headed by Norma Shearer, Joan Crawford, and Rosalind Russell, the film's supporting role of Miriam Aarons was played by Goddard. Pauline Kael later wrote of Goddard, "she is a stand-out. fun." David O' Selznick was pleased with Paulette Goddard's performances, particularly her work in The Young in Heart, and considered her for the role of Scarlett O'Hara in Gone With the Wind (Victor Fleming, 1939). Initial screen tests convinced Selznick and director George Cukor that Goddard would require coaching to be effective in the role, but that she showed promise, and she was the first actress given a Technicolor screen test. After he was introduced to Vivien Leigh, he wrote to his wife that Leigh was a "dark horse" and that his choice had "narrowed down to Paulette, Jean Arthur, Joan Bennett, and Vivien Leigh". After a series of tests with Leigh that pleased both Selznick and Cukor, Selznick cancelled the further tests that had been scheduled for Goddard, and the part was given to Leigh. Goddard's next film, The Cat and the Canary (Elliott Nugent, 1939) with Bob Hope, was a turning point in the careers of both actors. The success of the film established her as a genuine star. Her performance won her a ten-year contract with Paramount Studios, which was one of the premier studios of the day. They promptly were re-teamed in The Ghost Breakers (George Marshall, 1940), again a huge hit. Goddard starred with Chaplin again in his film The Great Dictator (1940). In 1942, Goddard was granted a Mexican divorce from Chaplin. The couple split amicably, with Chaplin agreeing to a generous settlement. At Paramount, Goddard was used by Cecil B. De Mille in the action epic North West Mounted Police (1940), playing the second female lead. She was Fred Astaire's leading lady in the acclaimed musical Second Chorus/Swing it (H.C. Potter, 1940), where she met actor Burgess Meredith, her third husband. Goddard made Pot o' Gold (George Marshall, 1941), a comedy with James Stewart, then supported Charles Boyer and Olivia de Havilland in Hold Back the Dawn (Mitchell Leisen, 1941), from a script by Wilder and Brackett, directed by Mitchell Leisen. Goddard was teamed with Hope for a third time in Nothing But the Truth (Elliott Nugent, 1942), then made The Lady Has Plans (Sidney Lanfield, 1942), a comedy with Ray Milland. She co-starred with Milland and John Wayne in Reap the Wild Wind (Cecil B. DeMille, 1942), playing the lead, a Scarlett O'Hara type character. The film was a huge hit. Goddard did The Forest Rangers (George Marshall, 1942) with Fred MacMurray. One of her better-remembered film appearances was in the variety musical Star Spangled Rhythm (George Marshall, 1943), in which she sang "A Sweater, a Sarong, and a Peekaboo Bang" with Dorothy Lamour and Veronica Lake. Paulette Goddard received one Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actress for So Proudly We Hail! (Mark Sandrich, 1943) opposite Claudette Colbert and Veronica Lake. She didn't win, but it solidified her as a top draw. Goddard was teamed with Fred MacMurray in the delightful comedy Standing Room Only (Sidney Lanfield, 1944) and Sonny Tufts in I Love a Soldier (Mark Sandrich, 1944). In May 1944, she married Burgess Meredith at David O. Selznick's home in Beverly Hills. Goddard's most successful film was Kitty (Mitchell Leisen, 1945), in which she played the title role. Denny Jackson/Robert Sieger at IMDb: "The film was a hit with moviegoers, as she played an ordinary English woman transformed into a duchess. The film was filled with plenty of comedy, dramatic and romantic scenes that appealed to virtually everyone." In The Diary of a Chambermaid (1946), Goddard starred with husband Burgess Meredith under the direction of Jean Renoir. It was made for United Artists. At Paramount she did Suddenly It's Spring (Mitchell Leisen, 1947) with Fred MacMurray, and De Mille's 18th-century romantic drama Unconquered (Cecil B. DeMille, 1947), with Cary Grant. During the Hollywood Blacklist, when she and blacklisted husband Meredith were mobbed by a baying crowd screaming "Communists!" on their way to a premiere, Goddard is said to have turned to her husband and said, "Shall I roll down the window and hit them with my diamonds, Bugsy?" In 1947, she made An Ideal Husband in Britain for Alexander Korda and was accompanied on a publicity trip to Brussels by Clarissa Spencer-Churchill, niece of Sir Winston Churchill and future wife of future Prime Minister Anthony Eden. She divorced Meredith in June 1949 and also left Paramount. In 1949, she formed Monterey Pictures with John Steinbeck. Goddard starred in Anna Lucasta (Irving Rapper, 1949), then went to Mexico for The Torch (Emilio Fernández, 1950). In England, she was in Babes in Bagdad (Edgar G. Ulmer, 1952), then she went to Hollywood for Vice Squad (Arnold Laven, 1953) with Edward G. Robinson, and Charge of the Lancers (William Castle, 1954) with Jean-Pierre Aumont. Her last starring role was in the English production A Stranger Came Home/The Unholy Four (Terence Fisher, 1954). Paulette Goddard began appearing in summer stock and on television, guest-starring on episodes of Sherlock Holmes, an adaptation of The Women, this time playing the role of Sylvia Fowler, The Errol Flynn Theatre, The Joseph Cotten Show, and The Ford Television Theatre. She was in an episode of Adventures in Paradise and a TV version of The Phantom. After her marriage to Erich Maria Remarque in 1958, Goddard largely retired from acting and moved to Ronco sopra Ascona, Switzerland. In 1964, she attempted a comeback in films with a supporting role in the Italian film Gli indifferenti/Time of Indifference (Francesco Maselli, 1964), starring Claudia Cardinale and Rod Steiger, which was her last feature film. After Remarque's death in 1970, she made one last attempt at acting, when she accepted a small role in an episode of the TV series The Snoop Sisters, The Female Instinct (Leonards Stern, 1972) with Helen Hayes and Mildred Natwick. Upon Remarque's death, Goddard inherited much of his money and several important properties across Europe, including a wealth of contemporary art, which augmented her own long-standing collection. During this period, her talent at accumulating wealth became a byword among the old Hollywood élite. During the 1980s, she became a fairly well known (and highly visible) socialite in New York City, appearing covered with jewels at many high-profile cultural functions with several well-known men, including Andy Warhol, with whom she sustained a friendship for many years until his death in 1987. Paulette Goddard underwent invasive treatment for breast cancer in 1975, successfully by all accounts. In 1990, she died at her home in Switzerland from heart failure while under respiratory support due to emphysema, She is buried in Ronco Village Cemetery, next to Remarque and her mother. Goddard had no children. She became a stepmother to Charles Chaplin's two sons, Charles Chaplin Jr. and Sydney Chaplin, while she and Charlie were married. In his memoirs, 'My Father Charlie Chaplin' (1960), Charles Jr. describes her as a lovely, caring and intelligent woman throughout the book. In October 1944, she suffered the miscarriage of a son with Burgess Meredith. Goddard, whose own formal education did not go beyond high school, bequeathed US$20 million to New York University (NYU) in New York City. Sources: Tony Fontana (IMDb), Denny Jackson / Robert Sieger (IMDb), Wikipedia and IMDb. And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.

Paulette Goddard
British postcard by Art Photo, no. 133. American actress Paulette Goddard (1905-1990) started her career as a fashion model and as a Ziegfeld Girl in several Broadway shows. In the 1940s, she became a major star of Paramount Pictures. She was Charlie Chaplin's leading lady in Modern Times (1936), and The Great Dictator. Goddard was nominated for an Oscar for Best Supporting Actress for So Proudly We Hail! (1943). Her husbands included Chaplin, Burgess Meredith, and Erich Maria Remarque. Paulette Goddard was born Pauline Marion Levy in Whitestone Landing, Long Island, New York. Sources variously cite her year of birth as 1911 and 1914, and the place as Whitestone Landing, New York, USA. However, municipal employees in Ronco, Switzerland, where she died, gave her birth year of record as 1905. Goddard was the daughter of Joseph Russell Levy, the son of a prosperous Jewish cigar manufacturer from Salt Lake City, and Alta Mae Goddard, who was of Episcopalian English heritage. They married in 1908 and separated while their daughter was very young, although the divorce did not become final until 1926. According to Goddard, her father left them, but according to J. R. Levy, Alta absconded with the child. Goddard was raised by her mother, and did not meet her father again until the late 1930s, after she had become famous. To avoid a custody battle, she and her mother moved often during her childhood, even relocating to Canada at one point. Goddard began modeling at an early age to support her mother and herself, working for Saks Fifth Avenue, Hattie Carnegie, and others. An important figure in her childhood was her great uncle, Charles Goddard, the owner of the American Druggists Syndicate. He played a central role in Goddard's career, introducing her to Broadway impresario Florenz Ziegfeld. She made her stage debut as a dancer in Ziegfeld's summer revue, 'No Foolin' (1926), which was also the first time that she used the stage name Paulette Goddard. Ziegfeld hired her for another musical, 'Rio Rita', which opened in February 1927, but she left the show after only three weeks to appear in the play 'The Unconquerable Male', produced by Archie Selwyn. It was, however, a flop and closed after only three days following its premiere in Atlantic City. Soon after the play closed, Goddard was introduced to the much older lumber tycoon Edgar James, president of the Southern Lumber Company, by Charles Goddard. She married him in June 1927 in Rye, New York, but the marriage was short. Goddard was granted a divorce in Reno, Nevada, in 1929, receiving a divorce settlement of $375,000. Tony Fontana at IMDb: "A stunning natural beauty, Paulette could mesmerize any man she met, a fact she was well aware of. " Paulette Goddard first visited Hollywood in 1929, when she appeared as an uncredited extra in two films, the Laurel and Hardy short film Berth Marks (Lewis R. Foster, 1929), and George Fitzmaurice's drama The Locked Door (1929). Following her divorce, she briefly visited Europe before returning to Hollywood in late 1930 with her mother. Her second attempt at acting was no more successful than the first, as she landed work only as an extra. In 1930, she signed her first film contract with producer Samuel Goldwyn to appear as a Goldwyn Girl in Whoopee! (Thornton Freeland, 1930) with Eddie Cantor. She also appeared in City Streets (Rouben Mamoulian, 1931) with Gary Cooper, Ladies of the Big House (Marion Gering, 1931) starring Sylvia Sidney, and The Girl Habit (Edward F. Cline, 1931) for Paramount, and The Mouthpiece (James Flood, Elliott Nugent, 1932) for Warners. Goldwyn and she did not get along, and she began working for Hal Roach Studios, appearing in a string of uncredited supporting roles for the next four years, including Young Ironsides (James Parrott, 1932) with Charley Chase, and Pack Up Your Troubles (1932) with Laurel and Hardy. One of her bigger roles in that period was as a blond 'Goldwyn Girl' in the Eddie Cantor film The Kid from Spain (Leo McCarey, 1932). Goldwyn also used Goddard in The Bowery (Raoul Walsh, 1933) with Wallace Beery, Roman Scandals (Frank Tuttle, 1933), and Kid Millions (Roy Del Ruth, 1934) with Eddie Cantor. The year she signed with Goldwyn, Goddard began dating Charlie Chaplin, a relationship that received substantial attention from the press. They were reportedly married in secret in Canton, China, in June 1936. It marked a turning point in Goddard's career when Chaplin cast her as his leading lady in his box office hit, Modern Times (1936). Her role as 'The Gamin', an orphan girl who runs away from the authorities and becomes The Tramp's companion, was her first credited film appearance and garnered her mainly positive reviews, Frank S. Nugent of The New York Times describing her as "the fitting recipient of the great Charlot's championship". Following the success of Modern Times, Chaplin planned other projects with Goddard in mind as a co-star, but he worked slowly, and Goddard worried that the public might forget about her if she did not continue to make regular film appearances. She signed a contract with David O. Selznick and appeared with Janet Gaynor in the comedy The Young in Heart (Richard Wallace, 1938) before Selznick lent her to MGM to appear in two films. The first of these, Dramatic School (Robert B. Sinclair, 1938), co-starred Luise Rainer, but the film received mediocre reviews and failed to attract an audience. Her next film, The Women (George Cukor, 1939), was a success. With an all-female cast headed by Norma Shearer, Joan Crawford, and Rosalind Russell, the film's supporting role of Miriam Aarons was played by Goddard. Pauline Kael later wrote of Goddard, "she is a stand-out. fun." David O' Selznick was pleased with Paulette Goddard's performances, particularly her work in The Young in Heart, and considered her for the role of Scarlett O'Hara in Gone With the Wind (Victor Fleming, 1939). Initial screen tests convinced Selznick and director George Cukor that Goddard would require coaching to be effective in the role, but that she showed promise, and she was the first actress given a Technicolor screen test. After he was introduced to Vivien Leigh, he wrote to his wife that Leigh was a "dark horse" and that his choice had "narrowed down to Paulette, Jean Arthur, Joan Bennett, and Vivien Leigh". After a series of tests with Leigh that pleased both Selznick and Cukor, Selznick cancelled the further tests that had been scheduled for Goddard, and the part was given to Leigh. Goddard's next film, The Cat and the Canary (Elliott Nugent, 1939) with Bob Hope, was a turning point in the careers of both actors. The success of the film established her as a genuine star. Her performance won her a ten-year contract with Paramount Studios, which was one of the premier studios of the day. They promptly were re-teamed in The Ghost Breakers (George Marshall, 1940), again a huge hit. Goddard starred with Chaplin again in his film The Great Dictator (1940). In 1942, Goddard was granted a Mexican divorce from Chaplin. The couple split amicably, with Chaplin agreeing to a generous settlement. At Paramount, Goddard was used by Cecil B. De Mille in the action epic North West Mounted Police (1940), playing the second female lead. She was Fred Astaire's leading lady in the acclaimed musical Second Chorus/Swing it (H.C. Potter, 1940), where she met actor Burgess Meredith, her third husband. Goddard made Pot o' Gold (George Marshall, 1941), a comedy with James Stewart, then supported Charles Boyer and Olivia de Havilland in Hold Back the Dawn (Mitchell Leisen, 1941), from a script by Wilder and Brackett, directed by Mitchell Leisen. Goddard was teamed with Hope for a third time in Nothing But the Truth (Elliott Nugent, 1942), then made The Lady Has Plans (Sidney Lanfield, 1942), a comedy with Ray Milland. She co-starred with Milland and John Wayne in Reap the Wild Wind (Cecil B. DeMille, 1942), playing the lead, a Scarlett O'Hara type character. The film was a huge hit. Goddard did The Forest Rangers (George Marshall, 1942) with Fred MacMurray. One of her better-remembered film appearances was in the variety musical Star Spangled Rhythm (George Marshall, 1943), in which she sang "A Sweater, a Sarong, and a Peekaboo Bang" with Dorothy Lamour and Veronica Lake. Paulette Goddard received one Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actress for So Proudly We Hail! (Mark Sandrich, 1943) opposite Claudette Colbert and Veronica Lake. She didn't win, but it solidified her as a top draw. Goddard was teamed with Fred MacMurray in the delightful comedy Standing Room Only (Sidney Lanfield, 1944) and Sonny Tufts in I Love a Soldier (Mark Sandrich, 1944). In May 1944, she married Burgess Meredith at David O. Selznick's home in Beverly Hills. Goddard's most successful film was Kitty (Mitchell Leisen, 1945), in which she played the title role. Denny Jackson/Robert Sieger at IMDb: "The film was a hit with moviegoers, as she played an ordinary English woman transformed into a duchess. The film was filled with plenty of comedy, dramatic and romantic scenes that appealed to virtually everyone." In The Diary of a Chambermaid (1946), Goddard starred with husband Burgess Meredith under the direction of Jean Renoir. It was made for United Artists. At Paramount she did Suddenly It's Spring (Mitchell Leisen, 1947) with Fred MacMurray, and De Mille's 18th century romantic drama Unconquered (Cecil B. DeMille, 1947), with Cary Grant. During the Hollywood Blacklist, when she and blacklisted husband Meredith were mobbed by a baying crowd screaming "Communists!" on their way to a premiere, Goddard is said to have turned to her husband and said, "Shall I roll down the window and hit them with my diamonds, Bugsy?" In 1947, she made An Ideal Husband in Britain for Alexander Korda, and was accompanied on a publicity trip to Brussels by Clarissa Spencer-Churchill, niece of Sir Winston Churchill and future wife of future Prime Minister Anthony Eden. She divorced Meredith in June 1949, and also left Paramount. In 1949, she formed Monterey Pictures with John Steinbeck. Goddard starred in Anna Lucasta (Irving Rapper, 1949), then went to Mexico for The Torch (Emilio Fernández, 1950). In England, she was in Babes in Bagdad (Edgar G. Ulmer, 1952), then she went to Hollywood for Vice Squad (Arnold Laven, 1953) with Edward G. Robinson, and Charge of the Lancers (William Castle, 1954) with Jean-Pierre Aumont. Her last starring role was in the English production A Stranger Came Home/The Unholy Four (Terence Fisher, 1954). Paulette Goddard began appearing in summer stock and on television, guest starring on episodes of Sherlock Holmes, an adaptation of The Women, this time playing the role of Sylvia Fowler, The Errol Flynn Theatre, The Joseph Cotten Show, and The Ford Television Theatre. She was in an episode of Adventures in Paradise and a TV version of The Phantom. After her marriage to Erich Maria Remarque in 1958, Goddard largely retired from acting and moved to Ronco sopra Ascona, Switzerland. In 1964, she attempted a comeback in films with a supporting role in the Italian film Gli indifferenti/Time of Indifference (Francesco Maselli, 1964), starring Claudia Cardinale and Rod Steiger, which was her last feature film. After Remarque's death in 1970, she made one last attempt at acting, when she accepted a small role in an episode of the TV series The Snoop Sisters, The Female Instinct (Leonards Stern, 1972) with Helen Hayes and Mildred Natwick. Upon Remarque's death, Goddard inherited much of his money and several important properties across Europe, including a wealth of contemporary art, which augmented her own long-standing collection. During this period, her talent at accumulating wealth became a byword among the old Hollywood élite. During the 1980s, she became a fairly well known (and highly visible) socialite in New York City, appearing covered with jewels at many high-profile cultural functions with several well-known men, including Andy Warhol, with whom she sustained a friendship for many years until his death in 1987. Paulette Goddard underwent invasive treatment for breast cancer in 1975, successfully by all accounts. In 1990, she died at her home in Switzerland from heart failure while under respiratory support due to emphysema, She is buried in Ronco Village Cemetery, next to Remarque and her mother. Goddard had no children. She became a stepmother to Charles Chaplin's two sons, Charles Chaplin Jr. and Sydney Chaplin, while she and Charlie were married. In his memoirs, 'My Father Charlie Chaplin' (1960), Charles Jr. describes her as a lovely, caring and intelligent woman throughout the book. In October 1944, she suffered the miscarriage of a son with Burgess Meredith. Goddard, whose own formal education did not go beyond high school, bequeathed US$20 million to New York University (NYU) in New York City. Sources: Tony Fontana (IMDb), Denny Jackson / Robert Sieger (IMDb), Wikipedia and IMDb. And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.

Paulette Goddard
French postcard by Editions P.I., Paris, no. 306. Photo: Paramount, 1952. American actress Paulette Goddard (1905-1990) started her career as a fashion model and as a Ziegfeld Girl in several Broadway shows. In the 1940s, she became a major star of Paramount Pictures. She was Charlie Chaplin's leading lady in Modern Times (1936), and The Great Dictator. Goddard was nominated for an Oscar for Best Supporting Actress for So Proudly We Hail! (1943). Her husbands included Chaplin, Burgess Meredith, and Erich Maria Remarque. Paulette Goddard was born Pauline Marion Levy in Whitestone Landing, Long Island, New York. Sources variously cite her year of birth as 1911 and 1914, and the place as Whitestone Landing, New York, USA. However, municipal employees in Ronco, Switzerland, where she died, gave her birth year of record as 1905. Goddard was the daughter of Joseph Russell Levy, the son of a prosperous Jewish cigar manufacturer from Salt Lake City, and Alta Mae Goddard, who was of Episcopalian English heritage. They married in 1908 and separated while their daughter was very young, although the divorce did not become final until 1926. According to Goddard, her father left them, but according to J. R. Levy, Alta absconded with the child. Goddard was raised by her mother, and did not meet her father again until the late 1930s, after she had become famous. To avoid a custody battle, she and her mother moved often during her childhood, even relocating to Canada at one point. Goddard began modeling at an early age to support her mother and herself, working for Saks Fifth Avenue, Hattie Carnegie, and others. An important figure in her childhood was her great uncle, Charles Goddard, the owner of the American Druggists Syndicate. He played a central role in Goddard's career, introducing her to Broadway impresario Florenz Ziegfeld. She made her stage debut as a dancer in Ziegfeld's summer revue, 'No Foolin' (1926), which was also the first time that she used the stage name Paulette Goddard. Ziegfeld hired her for another musical, 'Rio Rita', which opened in February 1927, but she left the show after only three weeks to appear in the play 'The Unconquerable Male', produced by Archie Selwyn. It was, however, a flop and closed after only three days following its premiere in Atlantic City. Soon after the play closed, Goddard was introduced to the much older lumber tycoon Edgar James, president of the Southern Lumber Company, by Charles Goddard. She married him in June 1927 in Rye, New York, but the marriage was short. Goddard was granted a divorce in Reno, Nevada, in 1929, receiving a divorce settlement of $375,000. Tony Fontana at IMDb: "A stunning natural beauty, Paulette could mesmerize any man she met, a fact she was well aware of. " Paulette Goddard first visited Hollywood in 1929, when she appeared as an uncredited extra in two films, the Laurel and Hardy short film Berth Marks (Lewis R. Foster, 1929), and George Fitzmaurice's drama The Locked Door (1929). Following her divorce, she briefly visited Europe before returning to Hollywood in late 1930 with her mother. Her second attempt at acting was no more successful than the first, as she landed work only as an extra. In 1930, she signed her first film contract with producer Samuel Goldwyn to appear as a Goldwyn Girl in Whoopee! (Thornton Freeland, 1930) with Eddie Cantor. She also appeared in City Streets (Rouben Mamoulian, 1931) with Gary Cooper, Ladies of the Big House (Marion Gering, 1931) starring Sylvia Sidney, and The Girl Habit (Edward F. Cline, 1931) for Paramount, and The Mouthpiece (James Flood, Elliott Nugent, 1932) for Warners. Goldwyn and she did not get along, and she began working for Hal Roach Studios, appearing in a string of uncredited supporting roles for the next four years, including Young Ironsides (James Parrott, 1932) with Charley Chase, and Pack Up Your Troubles (1932) with Laurel and Hardy. One of her bigger roles in that period was as a blond 'Goldwyn Girl' in the Eddie Cantor film The Kid from Spain (Leo McCarey, 1932). Goldwyn also used Goddard in The Bowery (Raoul Walsh, 1933) with Wallace Beery, Roman Scandals (Frank Tuttle, 1933), and Kid Millions (Roy Del Ruth, 1934) with Eddie Cantor. The year she signed with Goldwyn, Goddard began dating Charlie Chaplin, a relationship that received substantial attention from the press. They were reportedly married in secret in Canton, China, in June 1936. It marked a turning point in Goddard's career when Chaplin cast her as his leading lady in his box office hit, Modern Times (1936). Her role as 'The Gamin', an orphan girl who runs away from the authorities and becomes The Tramp's companion, was her first credited film appearance and garnered her mainly positive reviews, Frank S. Nugent of The New York Times describing her as "the fitting recipient of the great Charlot's championship". Following the success of Modern Times, Chaplin planned other projects with Goddard in mind as a co-star, but he worked slowly, and Goddard worried that the public might forget about her if she did not continue to make regular film appearances. She signed a contract with David O. Selznick and appeared with Janet Gaynor in the comedy The Young in Heart (Richard Wallace, 1938) before Selznick lent her to MGM to appear in two films. The first of these, Dramatic School (Robert B. Sinclair, 1938), co-starred Luise Rainer, but the film received mediocre reviews and failed to attract an audience. Her next film, The Women (George Cukor, 1939), was a success. With an all-female cast headed by Norma Shearer, Joan Crawford, and Rosalind Russell, the film's supporting role of Miriam Aarons was played by Goddard. Pauline Kael later wrote of Goddard, "she is a stand-out. fun." David O' Selznick was pleased with Paulette Goddard's performances, particularly her work in The Young in Heart, and considered her for the role of Scarlett O'Hara in Gone With the Wind (Victor Fleming, 1939). Initial screen tests convinced Selznick and director George Cukor that Goddard would require coaching to be effective in the role, but that she showed promise, and she was the first actress given a Technicolor screen test. After he was introduced to Vivien Leigh, he wrote to his wife that Leigh was a "dark horse" and that his choice had "narrowed down to Paulette, Jean Arthur, Joan Bennett, and Vivien Leigh". After a series of tests with Leigh that pleased both Selznick and Cukor, Selznick cancelled the further tests that had been scheduled for Goddard, and the part was given to Leigh. Goddard's next film, The Cat and the Canary (Elliott Nugent, 1939) with Bob Hope, was a turning point in the careers of both actors. The success of the film established her as a genuine star. Her performance won her a ten-year contract with Paramount Studios, which was one of the premier studios of the day. They promptly were re-teamed in The Ghost Breakers (George Marshall, 1940), again a huge hit. Goddard starred with Chaplin again in his film The Great Dictator (1940). In 1942, Goddard was granted a Mexican divorce from Chaplin. The couple split amicably, with Chaplin agreeing to a generous settlement. At Paramount, Goddard was used by Cecil B. De Mille in the action epic North West Mounted Police (1940), playing the second female lead. She was Fred Astaire's leading lady in the acclaimed musical Second Chorus/Swing it (H.C. Potter, 1940), where she met actor Burgess Meredith, her third husband. Goddard made Pot o' Gold (George Marshall, 1941), a comedy with James Stewart, then supported Charles Boyer and Olivia de Havilland in Hold Back the Dawn (Mitchell Leisen, 1941), from a script by Wilder and Brackett, directed by Mitchell Leisen. Goddard was teamed with Hope for a third time in Nothing But the Truth (Elliott Nugent, 1942), then made The Lady Has Plans (Sidney Lanfield, 1942), a comedy with Ray Milland. She co-starred with Milland and John Wayne in Reap the Wild Wind (Cecil B. DeMille, 1942), playing the lead, a Scarlett O'Hara type character. The film was a huge hit. Goddard did The Forest Rangers (George Marshall, 1942) with Fred MacMurray. One of her better-remembered film appearances was in the variety musical Star Spangled Rhythm (George Marshall, 1943), in which she sang "A Sweater, a Sarong, and a Peekaboo Bang" with Dorothy Lamour and Veronica Lake. Paulette Goddard received one Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actress for So Proudly We Hail! (Mark Sandrich, 1943) opposite Claudette Colbert and Veronica Lake. She didn't win, but it solidified her as a top draw. Goddard was teamed with Fred MacMurray in the delightful comedy Standing Room Only (Sidney Lanfield, 1944) and Sonny Tufts in I Love a Soldier (Mark Sandrich, 1944). In May 1944, she married Burgess Meredith at David O. Selznick's home in Beverly Hills. Goddard's most successful film was Kitty (Mitchell Leisen, 1945), in which she played the title role. Denny Jackson/Robert Sieger at IMDb: "The film was a hit with moviegoers, as she played an ordinary English woman transformed into a duchess. The film was filled with plenty of comedy, dramatic and romantic scenes that appealed to virtually everyone." In The Diary of a Chambermaid (1946), Goddard starred with husband Burgess Meredith under the direction of Jean Renoir. It was made for United Artists. At Paramount she did Suddenly It's Spring (Mitchell Leisen, 1947) with Fred MacMurray, and De Mille's 18th century romantic drama Unconquered (Cecil B. DeMille, 1947), with Cary Grant. During the Hollywood Blacklist, when she and blacklisted husband Meredith were mobbed by a baying crowd screaming "Communists!" on their way to a premiere, Goddard is said to have turned to her husband and said, "Shall I roll down the window and hit them with my diamonds, Bugsy?" In 1947, she made An Ideal Husband in Britain for Alexander Korda, and was accompanied on a publicity trip to Brussels by Clarissa Spencer-Churchill, niece of Sir Winston Churchill and future wife of future Prime Minister Anthony Eden. She divorced Meredith in June 1949, and also left Paramount. In 1949, she formed Monterey Pictures with John Steinbeck. Goddard starred in Anna Lucasta (Irving Rapper, 1949), then went to Mexico for The Torch (Emilio Fernández, 1950). In England, she was in Babes in Bagdad (Edgar G. Ulmer, 1952), then she went to Hollywood for Vice Squad (Arnold Laven, 1953) with Edward G. Robinson, and Charge of the Lancers (William Castle, 1954) with Jean-Pierre Aumont. Her last starring role was in the English production A Stranger Came Home/The Unholy Four (Terence Fisher, 1954). Paulette Goddard began appearing in summer stock and on television, guest starring on episodes of Sherlock Holmes, an adaptation of The Women, this time playing the role of Sylvia Fowler, The Errol Flynn Theatre, The Joseph Cotten Show, and The Ford Television Theatre. She was in an episode of Adventures in Paradise and a TV version of The Phantom. After her marriage to Erich Maria Remarque in 1958, Goddard largely retired from acting and moved to Ronco sopra Ascona, Switzerland. In 1964, she attempted a comeback in films with a supporting role in the Italian film Gli indifferenti/Time of Indifference (Francesco Maselli, 1964), starring Claudia Cardinale and Rod Steiger, which was her last feature film. After Remarque's death in 1970, she made one last attempt at acting, when she accepted a small role in an episode of the TV series The Snoop Sisters, The Female Instinct (Leonards Stern, 1972) with Helen Hayes and Mildred Natwick. Upon Remarque's death, Goddard inherited much of his money and several important properties across Europe, including a wealth of contemporary art, which augmented her own long-standing collection. During this period, her talent at accumulating wealth became a byword among the old Hollywood élite. During the 1980s, she became a fairly well known (and highly visible) socialite in New York City, appearing covered with jewels at many high-profile cultural functions with several well-known men, including Andy Warhol, with whom she sustained a friendship for many years until his death in 1987. Paulette Goddard underwent invasive treatment for breast cancer in 1975, successfully by all accounts. In 1990, she died at her home in Switzerland from heart failure while under respiratory support due to emphysema, She is buried in Ronco Village Cemetery, next to Remarque and her mother. Goddard had no children. She became a stepmother to Charles Chaplin's two sons, Charles Chaplin Jr. and Sydney Chaplin, while she and Charlie were married. In his memoirs, 'My Father Charlie Chaplin' (1960), Charles Jr. describes her as a lovely, caring and intelligent woman throughout the book. In October 1944, she suffered the miscarriage of a son with Burgess Meredith. Goddard, whose own formal education did not go beyond high school, bequeathed US$20 million to New York University (NYU) in New York City. Sources: Tony Fontana (IMDb), Denny Jackson / Robert Sieger (IMDb), Wikipedia and IMDb. And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.

Paulette Goddard in Kitty (1945)
Belgian postcard, no. 980. Photo: Paramount. Paulette Goddard in Kitty (Mitchell Leisen, 1945). American actress Paulette Goddard (1905-1990) started her career as a fashion model and as a Ziegfeld Girl in several Broadway shows. In the 1940s, she became a major star of Paramount Pictures. She was Charlie Chaplin's leading lady in Modern Times (1936), and The Great Dictator. Goddard was nominated for an Oscar for Best Supporting Actress for So Proudly We Hail! (1943). Her husbands included Chaplin, Burgess Meredith, and Erich Maria Remarque. Paulette Goddard was born Pauline Marion Levy in Whitestone Landing, Long Island, New York. Sources variously cite her year of birth as 1911 and 1914, and the place as Whitestone Landing, New York, USA. However, municipal employees in Ronco, Switzerland, where she died, gave her birth year of record as 1905. Goddard was the daughter of Joseph Russell Levy, the son of a prosperous Jewish cigar manufacturer from Salt Lake City, and Alta Mae Goddard, who was of Episcopalian English heritage. They married in 1908 and separated while their daughter was very young, although the divorce did not become final until 1926. According to Goddard, her father left them, but according to J. R. Levy, Alta absconded with the child. Goddard was raised by her mother and did not meet her father again until the late 1930s after she had become famous. To avoid a custody battle, she and her mother moved often during her childhood, even relocating to Canada at one point. Goddard began modeling at an early age to support her mother and herself, working for Saks Fifth Avenue, Hattie Carnegie, and others. An important figure in her childhood was her great uncle, Charles Goddard, the owner of the American Druggists Syndicate. He played a central role in Goddard's career, introducing her to Broadway impresario Florenz Ziegfeld. She made her stage debut as a dancer in Ziegfeld's summer revue, 'No Foolin' (1926), which was also the first time that she used the stage name Paulette Goddard. Ziegfeld hired her for another musical, 'Rio Rita', which opened in February 1927, but she left the show after only three weeks to appear in the play 'The Unconquerable Male', produced by Archie Selwyn. It was, however, a flop and closed after only three days following its premiere in Atlantic City. Soon after the play closed, Goddard was introduced to the much older lumber tycoon Edgar James, president of the Southern Lumber Company, by Charles Goddard. She married him in June 1927 in Rye, New York, but the marriage was short. Goddard was granted a divorce in Reno, Nevada, in 1929, receiving a divorce settlement of $375,000. Tony Fontana at IMDb: "A stunning natural beauty, Paulette could mesmerize any man she met, a fact she was well aware of. " Paulette Goddard first visited Hollywood in 1929, when she appeared as an uncredited extra in two films, the Laurel and Hardy short film Berth Marks (Lewis R. Foster, 1929), and George Fitzmaurice's drama The Locked Door (1929). Following her divorce, she briefly visited Europe before returning to Hollywood in late 1930 with her mother. Her second attempt at acting was no more successful than the first, as she landed work only as an extra. In 1930, she signed her first film contract with producer Samuel Goldwyn to appear as a Goldwyn Girl in Whoopee! (Thornton Freeland, 1930) with Eddie Cantor. She also appeared in City Streets (Rouben Mamoulian, 1931) with Gary Cooper, Ladies of the Big House (Marion Gering, 1931) starring Sylvia Sidney, and The Girl Habit (Edward F. Cline, 1931) for Paramount, and The Mouthpiece (James Flood, Elliott Nugent, 1932) for Warners. Goldwyn and she did not get along, and she began working for Hal Roach Studios, appearing in a string of uncredited supporting roles for the next four years, including Young Ironsides (James Parrott, 1932) with Charley Chase, and Pack Up Your Troubles (1932) with Laurel and Hardy. One of her bigger roles in that period was as a blond 'Goldwyn Girl' in the Eddie Cantor film The Kid from Spain (Leo McCarey, 1932). Goldwyn also used Goddard in The Bowery (Raoul Walsh, 1933) with Wallace Beery, Roman Scandals (Frank Tuttle, 1933), and Kid Millions (Roy Del Ruth, 1934) with Eddie Cantor. The year she signed with Goldwyn, Goddard began dating Charlie Chaplin, a relationship that received substantial attention from the press. They were reportedly married in secret in Canton, China, in June 1936. It marked a turning point in Goddard's career when Chaplin cast her as his leading lady in his box office hit, Modern Times (1936). Her role as 'The Gamin', an orphan girl who runs away from the authorities and becomes The Tramp's companion, was her first credited film appearance and garnered her mainly positive reviews, Frank S. Nugent of The New York Times describing her as "the fitting recipient of the great Charlot's championship". Following the success of Modern Times, Chaplin planned other projects with Goddard in mind as a co-star, but he worked slowly, and Goddard worried that the public might forget about her if she did not continue to make regular film appearances. She signed a contract with David O. Selznick and appeared with Janet Gaynor in the comedy The Young in Heart (Richard Wallace, 1938) before Selznick lent her to MGM to appear in two films. The first of these, Dramatic School (Robert B. Sinclair, 1938), co-starred Luise Rainer, but the film received mediocre reviews and failed to attract an audience. Her next film, The Women (George Cukor, 1939), was a success. With an all-female cast headed by Norma Shearer, Joan Crawford, and Rosalind Russell, the film's supporting role of Miriam Aarons was played by Goddard. Pauline Kael later wrote of Goddard, "she is a stand-out. fun." David O' Selznick was pleased with Paulette Goddard's performances, particularly her work in The Young in Heart, and considered her for the role of Scarlett O'Hara in Gone With the Wind (Victor Fleming, 1939). Initial screen tests convinced Selznick and director George Cukor that Goddard would require coaching to be effective in the role, but that she showed promise, and she was the first actress given a Technicolor screen test. After he was introduced to Vivien Leigh, he wrote to his wife that Leigh was a "dark horse" and that his choice had "narrowed down to Paulette, Jean Arthur, Joan Bennett, and Vivien Leigh". After a series of tests with Leigh that pleased both Selznick and Cukor, Selznick cancelled the further tests that had been scheduled for Goddard, and the part was given to Leigh. Goddard's next film, The Cat and the Canary (Elliott Nugent, 1939) with Bob Hope, was a turning point in the careers of both actors. The success of the film established her as a genuine star. Her performance won her a ten-year contract with Paramount Studios, which was one of the premier studios of the day. They promptly were re-teamed in The Ghost Breakers (George Marshall, 1940), again a huge hit. Goddard starred with Chaplin again in his film The Great Dictator (1940). In 1942, Goddard was granted a Mexican divorce from Chaplin. The couple split amicably, with Chaplin agreeing to a generous settlement. At Paramount, Goddard was used by Cecil B. De Mille in the action epic North West Mounted Police (1940), playing the second female lead. She was Fred Astaire's leading lady in the acclaimed musical Second Chorus/Swing it (H.C. Potter, 1940), where she met actor Burgess Meredith, her third husband. Goddard made Pot o' Gold (George Marshall, 1941), a comedy with James Stewart, then supported Charles Boyer and Olivia de Havilland in Hold Back the Dawn (Mitchell Leisen, 1941), from a script by Wilder and Brackett, directed by Mitchell Leisen. Goddard was teamed with Hope for the third time in Nothing But the Truth (Elliott Nugent, 1942), then made The Lady Has Plans (Sidney Lanfield, 1942), a comedy with Ray Milland. She co-starred with Milland and John Wayne in Reap the Wild Wind (Cecil B. DeMille, 1942), playing the lead, a Scarlett O'Hara type character. The film was a huge hit. Goddard did The Forest Rangers (George Marshall, 1942) with Fred MacMurray. One of her better-remembered film appearances was in the variety musical Star Spangled Rhythm (George Marshall, 1943), in which she sang "A Sweater, a Sarong, and a Peekaboo Bang" with Dorothy Lamour and Veronica Lake. Paulette Goddard received one Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actress for So Proudly We Hail! (Mark Sandrich, 1943) opposite Claudette Colbert and Veronica Lake. She didn't win, but it solidified her as a top draw. Goddard was teamed with Fred MacMurray in the delightful comedy Standing Room Only (Sidney Lanfield, 1944) and Sonny Tufts in I Love a Soldier (Mark Sandrich, 1944). In May 1944, she married Burgess Meredith at David O. Selznick's home in Beverly Hills. Goddard's most successful film was Kitty (Mitchell Leisen, 1945), in which she played the title role. Denny Jackson/Robert Sieger at IMDb: "The film was a hit with moviegoers, as she played an ordinary English woman transformed into a duchess. The film was filled with plenty of comedy, dramatic and romantic scenes that appealed to virtually everyone." In The Diary of a Chambermaid (1946), Goddard starred with husband Burgess Meredith under the direction of Jean Renoir. It was made for United Artists. At Paramount she did Suddenly It's Spring (Mitchell Leisen, 1947) with Fred MacMurray, and De Mille's 18th-century romantic drama Unconquered (Cecil B. DeMille, 1947), with Cary Grant. During the Hollywood Blacklist, when she and blacklisted husband Meredith were mobbed by a baying crowd screaming "Communists!" on their way to a premiere, Goddard is said to have turned to her husband and said, "Shall I roll down the window and hit them with my diamonds, Bugsy?" In 1947, she made An Ideal Husband in Britain for Alexander Korda and was accompanied on a publicity trip to Brussels by Clarissa Spencer-Churchill, niece of Sir Winston Churchill and future wife of future Prime Minister Anthony Eden. She divorced Meredith in June 1949 and also left Paramount. In 1949, she formed Monterey Pictures with John Steinbeck. Goddard starred in Anna Lucasta (Irving Rapper, 1949), then went to Mexico for The Torch (Emilio Fernández, 1950). In England, she was in Babes in Bagdad (Edgar G. Ulmer, 1952), then she went to Hollywood for Vice Squad (Arnold Laven, 1953) with Edward G. Robinson, and Charge of the Lancers (William Castle, 1954) with Jean-Pierre Aumont. Her last starring role was in the English production A Stranger Came Home/The Unholy Four (Terence Fisher, 1954). Paulette Goddard began appearing in summer stock and on television, guest-starring on episodes of Sherlock Holmes, an adaptation of The Women, this time playing the role of Sylvia Fowler, The Errol Flynn Theatre, The Joseph Cotten Show, and The Ford Television Theatre. She was in an episode of Adventures in Paradise and a TV version of The Phantom. After her marriage to Erich Maria Remarque in 1958, Goddard largely retired from acting and moved to Ronco sopra Ascona, Switzerland. In 1964, she attempted a comeback in films with a supporting role in the Italian film Gli indifferenti/Time of Indifference (Francesco Maselli, 1964), starring Claudia Cardinale and Rod Steiger, which was her last feature film. After Remarque's death in 1970, she made one last attempt at acting, when she accepted a small role in an episode of the TV series The Snoop Sisters, The Female Instinct (Leonards Stern, 1972) with Helen Hayes and Mildred Natwick. Upon Remarque's death, Goddard inherited much of his money and several important properties across Europe, including a wealth of contemporary art, which augmented her own long-standing collection. During this period, her talent at accumulating wealth became a byword among the old Hollywood élite. During the 1980s, she became a fairly well known (and highly visible) socialite in New York City, appearing covered with jewels at many high-profile cultural functions with several well-known men, including Andy Warhol, with whom she sustained a friendship for many years until his death in 1987. Paulette Goddard underwent invasive treatment for breast cancer in 1975, successfully by all accounts. In 1990, she died at her home in Switzerland from heart failure while under respiratory support due to emphysema, She is buried in Ronco Village Cemetery, next to Remarque and her mother. Goddard had no children. She became a stepmother to Charles Chaplin's two sons, Charles Chaplin Jr. and Sydney Chaplin, while she and Charlie were married. In his memoirs, 'My Father Charlie Chaplin' (1960), Charles Jr. describes her as a lovely, caring and intelligent woman throughout the book. In October 1944, she suffered the miscarriage of a son with Burgess Meredith. Goddard, whose own formal education did not go beyond high school, bequeathed US$20 million to New York University (NYU) in New York City. Sources: Tony Fontana (IMDb), Denny Jackson / Robert Sieger (IMDb), Wikipedia and IMDb. And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.

Lake District UK (2008)
2008 (MMVIII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar, the 2008th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 8th year of the 3rd millennium, the 8th year of the 21st century, and the 9th year of the 2000s decade. January 1 – Cyprus and Malta adopt the euro. January 14 – At 19:04:39 UTC, the unmanned MESSENGER space probe is at its closest approach during its first flyby of the planet Mercury.[4] January 21 – Stock markets around the world plunge amid growing fears of a U.S. recession, fueled by the 2007 subprime mortgage crisis.[5] January 24 – A peace deal is signed in Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo, ending the Kivu conflict.[6] February February 4 – Iran opens its first space center and launches a rocket into space. February 13 – Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd delivers a formal apology to the Stolen Generations.[7] February 17 – Kosovo formally declares independence from Serbia, with a mixed response from the international community.[8][9] March March–April – Rising food and fuel prices trigger riots and unrest in the Third World. March 2 – Venezuela and Ecuador move troops to the Colombian border, following a Colombian raid against FARC guerrillas inside Ecuadorian territory, in which senior commander Raúl Reyes is killed.[10][11] March 9 – The first European Space Agency Automated Transfer Vehicle, a cargo spacecraft for the International Space Station, launches from Guiana Space Centre in French Guiana.[12] March 24 – Bhutan holds its first-ever general elections following the adoption of a new Constitution which changed the country from an absolute monarchy to a multiparty democracy.[13] March 25 – African Union and Comoros forces invade the rebel-held island of Anjouan, returning the island to Comorian control.[14] April April 22 – Surgeons at London's Moorfields Eye Hospital perform the first successful operations using bionic eyes, implanting them into two blind patients. May May 2 – The Chaitén volcano in Chile enters a new eruptive phase for the first time since around 1640. May 3 – Cyclone Nargis passes through Myanmar, killing more than 138,000 people.[15] May 12 – An earthquake measuring 7.9 on the moment magnitude scale strikes Sichuan, China, killing an estimated 87,000 people.[16] May 20–24 – The Eurovision Song Contest 2008 takes place in Belgrade, Serbia, and is won by Russian entrant Dima Bilan with the song "Believe". May 23 The Union of South American Nations, an intergovernmental organization between states in South America, is founded.[17] The International Court of Justice awards Middle Rocks to Malaysia and Pedra Branca to Singapore, ending a 29-year territorial dispute between the two countries.[18] May 25 – NASA's unmanned Phoenix spacecraft becomes the first to land on the northern polar region of Mars.[19] May 28 – The Legislature Parliament of Nepal votes overwhelmingly in favor of abolishing the country's 240-year-old monarchy, turning the country into a republic.[20] May 30 – The Convention on Cluster Munitions is adopted in Dublin.[21] June June 7–29 – Austria and Switzerland jointly host the UEFA Euro 2008 football tournament, which is won by Spain. June 11 The Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope is launched.[22] Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper formally apologizes, on behalf of the Canadian government, to the country's First Nations for the Canadian Indian residential school system.[23] June 14 – Expo 2008 opens in Zaragoza, Spain, lasting to September 14, with the topic "Water and sustainable development".[24] July July 2 – Íngrid Betancourt and 14 other hostages are rescued from FARC rebels by Colombian security forces.[25] July 21 – Radovan Karadžić, the first president of the Republika Srpska, is arrested in Belgrade, Serbia, on allegations of war crimes, following a 12-year-long manhunt.[26] August August 1 – Eleven mountaineers from international expeditions die on K2, the second-highest mountain on Earth in the worst single accident in the history of K2 mountaineering. August 6 – President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi of Mauritania is deposed in a military coup d'état.[27] August 7 – Georgia invades the breakaway state of South Ossetia, sparking a war with Russia as the latter intervenes in support of the separatists in both South Ossetia and Abkhazia.[28] August 20 – Spanair Flight 5022 crashes at Madrid–Barajas Airport, killing 154 people on board. August 8–24 – The 2008 Summer Olympics take place in Beijing, China.[29] September September 5 – Quentin Bryce becomes the first woman Governor-General of Australia. September 10 – The proton beam is circulated for the first time in the Large Hadron Collider, the world's largest and highest-energy particle accelerator, located at CERN, near Geneva, under the Franco-Swiss border.[30][31] September 13 – Hurricane Ike makes landfall in Galveston, Texas. September 20 – A suicide truck bomb explosion destroys the Marriott Hotel in Islamabad, Pakistan, killing at least 54 and injuring 266.[32][33][34] September 28 – SpaceX Falcon 1 becomes the world's first privately developed space launch vehicle to successfully make orbit.[35][36] September 29 – Following the bankruptcies of Lehman Brothers and Washington Mutual, The Dow Jones Industrial Average falls 777.68 points, hitherto the largest single-day point loss in its history. October October 3 – Global financial crisis: U.S. President George W. Bush signs the revised Emergency Economic Stabilization Act into law, creating a 700 billion dollar Treasury fund to purchase failing bank assets.[37] October 7 – The Spotify music streaming service is launched in Sweden. October 21 – The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is officially inaugurated at Geneva.[38][39][40][41] October 22 – The Indian Space Research Organisation successfully launches the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft on a lunar exploration mission.[42][43] November November 1 – Satoshi Nakamoto publishes "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System".[44] November 4 – Democratic U.S. Senator Barack Obama is elected the 44th President of the United States, becoming the first black President of the United States.[45][46][47] November 19 – Claudia Castillo of Spain becomes the first person to have a successful trachea transplant using a tissue-engineered organ.[48] November 26–29 – Members of Lashkar-e-Taiba carry out four days of coordinated bombing and shooting attacks across Mumbai, killing 164 people.[49] December December 5 – Human remains found in 1991 are identified as Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, using DNA analysis.[50] December 10 – The Channel Island of Sark, a British Crown dependency, holds its first fully democratic elections under a new constitutional arrangement, becoming the last European territory to abolish feudalism.[51] December 18 – The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda finds Théoneste Bagosora and two other senior Rwandan army officers guilty of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes and sentences them to life imprisonment for their role in the Rwandan genocide.[52] December 23 – A military coup d'état deposes the government of Guinea shortly after the death of longtime President Lansana Conté.[53] December 27 – Israel invades the Gaza Strip in response to rockets being fired into Israeli territory by Hamas and due to weapons being smuggled into the area.[54][55][56] December 31 – An extra leap second (23:59:60) is added to end the year. The last time this occurred was in 2005. Births March 14 – Abby Ryder Fortson, American actress April 16 – Princess Eléonore of Belgium June 3 – Harshaali Malhotra, Indian actress July 15 – Iain Armitage, American actor August 18 – Gordey Kolesov, Russian-Chinese chess player Deaths Further information: Category:2008 deaths Deaths January · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November · December January Main article: Deaths in January 2008 Edmund Hillary Heath Ledger Suharto January 2 – Galyani Vadhana, Princess of Naradhiwas, Princess of Thailand (b. 1923) January 3 Aleksandr Abdulov, Russian actor (b. 1953) Choi Yo-sam, Korean boxer (b. 1972) January 7 – Philip Agee, American spy and writer (b. 1935) January 10 Christopher Bowman, American figure skater (b. 1967) Maila Nurmi, Finnish-American actress and television personality (b. 1922) January 11 – Edmund Hillary, New Zealand mountaineer, explorer, and philanthropist (b. 1919) January 14 – Judah Folkman, American medical scientist (b. 1933) January 15 – Brad Renfro, American actor (b. 1982) January 16 – Nikola Kljusev, 1st Prime Minister of Macedonia (b. 1927) January 17 Bobby Fischer, American chess grandmaster and former World Chess Champion (b. 1943) Allan Melvin, American actor (b. 1923) January 18 – Lois Nettleton, American actress (b. 1927) January 19 – Suzanne Pleshette, American actress (b. 1937) January 21 – Marie Smith Jones, Native American speaker (b. 1918) January 22 Heath Ledger, Australian actor and music video director (b. 1979) Claude Piron, Swiss linguist and psychologist (b. 1931) January 25 – Aziz Sedky, 36th Prime Minister of Egypt (b. 1920) January 26 – George Habash, Palestinian politician (b. 1926) January 27 Gordon B. Hinckley, American Mormon leader (b. 1910) Suharto, 2nd President of Indonesia (b. 1921) January 28 – Archbishop Christodoulos of Athens (b. 1939) January 29 – Margaret Truman, American singer and writer (b. 1924) January 30 – Marcial Maciel, Mexican Catholic priest (b. 1920 February Main article: Deaths in February 2008 Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Roy Scheider Janez Drnovšek February 2 Joshua Lederberg, American Nobel molecular biologist (b. 1925) Barry Morse, English-Canadian actor (b. 1918) February 5 – Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, Indian spiritual leader (b. 1918) February 7 – Andrew Bertie, 78th Grand Master of the Order of Malta (b. 1929) February 9 – Baba Amte, Indian social activist (b. 1914) February 10 – Roy Scheider, American actor (b. 1932) February 11 Tom Lantos, Hungarian-American politician (b. 1928) Alfredo Reinado, East Timorese rebel (b. 1967) February 12 Imad Mughniyah, Lebanese militant (b. 1962) Badri Patarkatsishvili, Georgian businessman and politician (b. 1955) February 13 Kon Ichikawa, Japanese film director (b. 1915) Henri Salvador, French singer (b. 1917) February 18 – Alain Robbe-Grillet, French writer and filmmaker (b. 1922) February 19 Natalia Bessmertnova, Russian ballerina (b. 1941) Yegor Letov, Russian singer (b. 1964) February 23 Janez Drnovšek, 2-Time Prime Minister and 2nd President of Slovenia (b. 1950) Paul Frère, Belgian racing driver (b. 1917) February 25 – Static Major, American musician (b. 1974) February 27 William F. Buckley Jr., American author and conservative commentator (b. 1925) Ivan Rebroff, German singer (b. 1931) March Main article: Deaths in March 2008 Giuseppe Di Stefano Arthur C. Clarke Paul Scofield March 1 – Raúl Reyes, Colombian guerrilla (b. 1948) March 2 Sofiko Chiaureli, Georgian actress (b. 1937) Jeff Healey, Canadian musician (b. 1966) March 3 Giuseppe Di Stefano, Italian operatic tenor (b. 1921) Norman Smith, English singer and record producer (b. 1923) March 4 – Gary Gygax, American writer and game designer (b. 1938) March 5 – Joseph Weizenbaum, German-American author and computer scientist (b. 1923) March 6 – Peter Poreku Dery, Ghanaian cardinal (b. 1918) March 12 – Howard Metzenbaum, American politician (b. 1917) March 14 – Chiara Lubich, Italian Catholic activist (b. 1920) March 16 – Ivan Dixon, American actor (b. 1931) March 18 – Anthony Minghella, English film director and screenwriter (b. 1954) March 19 Arthur C. Clarke, English author, inventor, and futurist (b. 1917) Hugo Claus, Flemish writer, painter and film director (b. 1929) Paul Scofield, English actor (b. 1922) March 21 – Klaus Dinger, German musician (b. 1946) March 22 – Adolfo Suárez Rivera, Mexican cardinal (b. 1927) March 24 Neil Aspinall, British record producer and business executive (b. 1942) Richard Widmark, American actor (b. 1914) March 26 – Manuel Marulanda, Colombian guerrilla (b. 1930) March 27 – Jean-Marie Balestre, French sports executive (b. 1921) March 30 – Dith Pran, Cambodian-American photojournalist (b. 1942) March 31 – Jules Dassin, American film director (b. 1911) April Main article: Deaths in April 2008 Charlton Heston April 3 – Hrvoje Ćustić, Croatian footballer (b. 1983) April 5 – Charlton Heston, American actor (b. 1923) April 8 – Stanley Kamel, American actor (b. 1943) April 10 – Ernesto Corripio y Ahumada, Mexican cardinal (b. 1919) April 12 – Patrick Hillery, 6th President of Ireland (b. 1923) April 13 – John Archibald Wheeler, American theoretical physicist (b. 1911) April 14 – Ollie Johnston, American animator (b. 1912) April 15 – Benoît Lamy, Belgian motion picture writer-director (b. 1945) April 16 – Edward Norton Lorenz, American mathematician and meteorologist (b. 1917) April 17 – Aimé Césaire, French Martinican poet and politician (b. 1913) April 29 – Albert Hofmann, Swiss chemist and writer (b. 1906) May Main article: Deaths in May 2008 Eddy Arnold Irena Sendler Sydney Pollack May 1 – Anthony Mamo, 1st President of Malta (b. 1909) May 2 – Philipp von Boeselager, German military officer (b. 1917) May 3 – Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo, Spanish Prime Minister (b. 1926) May 8 Eddy Arnold, American country music singer (b. 1918) François Sterchele, Belgian footballer (b. 1982) May 10 Leyla Gencer, Turkish soprano (b. 1928) Jessica Jacobs, Australian actress and singer (b. 1990) May 11 – John Rutsey, Canadian musician (b. 1952) May 12 Robert Rauschenberg, American pop artist (b. 1925) Irena Sendler, Polish humanitarian (b. 1910) May 13 Saad Al-Salim Al-Sabah, 4th Emir of Kuwait (b. 1930) Bernardin Gantin, Beninese cardinal (b. 1922) John Phillip Law, American actor (b. 1937) May 15 – Willis Lamb, American Nobel physicist (b. 1913) May 17 – Roberto García-Calvo Montiel, Spanish judge (b. 1942) May 19 – Vijay Tendulkar, Indian playwright (b. 1928) May 22 – Robert Asprin, American writer (b. 1946) May 23 – Cornell Capa, Hungarian-American photographer (b. 1918) May 24 – Rob Knox, English actor (b. 1989) May 26 Sydney Pollack, American actor, director and producer (b. 1934) Koloa Talake, 7th Prime Minister of Tuvalu (b. 1934) May 28 – Sven Davidson, Swedish tennis player (b. 1928) May 29 Luc Bourdon, Canadian ice hockey defenceman (b. 1987) Harvey Korman, American actor and comedian (b. 1927) June Main article: Deaths in June 2008 Chinghiz Aitmatov Cyd Charisse George Carlin June 1 Tommy Lapid, Israeli television presenter, journalist, and politician (b. 1931) Yves Saint Laurent, French fashion designer (b. 1936) June 2 Bo Diddley, American musician (b. 1928) Mel Ferrer, American actor, director, and producer (b. 1917) June 4 – Agata Mróz-Olszewska, Polish volleyball player (b. 1982) June 5 – Jameson Mbilini Dlamini, 7th Prime Minister of Swaziland (b. 1932) June 7 Mustafa Khalil, 40th Prime Minister of Egypt (b. 1920) Dino Risi, Italian director (b. 1916) June 8 – Šaban Bajramović, Serbian musician (b. 1936) June 9 Karen Asrian, Armenian chess grandmaster (b. 1980) Algis Budrys, Lithuanian-American science fiction writer (b. 1931) June 10 – Chinghiz Aitmatov, Kyrgyzstani writer (b. 1928) June 11 Ove Andersson, Swedish rally driver (b. 1939) Võ Văn Kiệt, 5th Prime Minister of Vietnam (b. 1922) June 13 – Tim Russert, American journalist (b. 1950) June 15 – Stan Winston, American special effects and makeup artist (b. 1946) June 17 – Cyd Charisse, American actress and dancer (b. 1922) June 18 – Jean Delannoy, French film director (b. 1908) June 22 – George Carlin, American author, actor, and comedian (b. 1937) June 23 – Arthur Chung, 1st President of Guyana (b. 1918) June 24 – Leonid Hurwicz, American Nobel economist and mathematician (b. 1917) June 26 – Lilyan Chauvin, French-American actress, television host, and director (b. 1925) June 27 – Sam Manekshaw, Indian Field Marshal (b. 1914) June 28 – Ruslana Korshunova, Kazakhstani model (b. 1987) June 29 – Don S. Davis, American actor (b. 1942) July Main article: Deaths in July 2008 Jesse Helms Evelyn Keyes July 4 Jesse Helms, American politician (b. 1921) Evelyn Keyes, American actress (b. 1916) July 5 – René Harris, 4-Time President of Nauru (b. 1947) July 11 – Michael E. DeBakey, American surgeon and inventor (b. 1908) July 12 – Tony Snow, American political commentator (b. 1955) July 13 – Bronisław Geremek, Polish social historian and politician (b. 1932) July 15 – György Kolonics, Hungarian canoeist (b. 1972) July 16 – Jo Stafford, American singer (b. 1917) July 22 – Estelle Getty, American actress (b. 1923) July 25 Johnny Griffin, American saxophonist (b. 1928) Tracy Hall, American physical chemist (b. 1919) Randy Pausch, American author and computer scientist (b. 1960) July 27 – Youssef Chahine, Egyptian film director (b. 1926) July 28 – Suzanne Tamim, Lebanese singer, actress, and murder victim (b. 1977) July 29 – Mate Parlov, Croatian boxer (b. 1948) August Main article: Deaths in August 2008 Bernie Mac Isaac Hayes August 1 Pauline Baynes, English illustrator (b. 1922) Harkishan Singh Surjeet, Indian politician (b. 1916) August 3 – Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Russian Nobel writer (b. 1918) August 9 Mahmoud Darwish, Palestinian poet (b. 1941) Bernie Mac, American actor and comedian (b. 1957) August 10 – Isaac Hayes, American singer, songwriter, and actor (b. 1942) August 11 – Fred Sinowatz, Austrian politician (b. 1929) August 13 – Henri Cartan, French mathematician (b. 1904) August 15 – Jerry Wexler, American music producer (b. 1917) August 16 Ronnie Drew, Irish singer (b. 1934) Masanobu Fukuoka, Japanese microbiologist (b. 1913) August 19 Levy Mwanawasa, 3rd President of Zambia (b. 1948) LeRoi Moore, American saxophonist (b. 1961) August 20 – Hua Guofeng, Chairman of the Communist Party and Chinese premier (b. 1921) August 23 – Thomas Huckle Weller, American Nobel virologist (b. 1915) August 28 – Phil Hill, American race car driver (b. 1927) September Main article: Deaths in September 2008 Paul Newman September 1 Don LaFontaine, American voice actor (b. 1940) Jerry Reed, American actor and country singer (b. 1937) September 2 – Bill Melendez, Mexican-American character animator, film director, voice artist and producer (b. 1916) September 6 – Anita Page, American actress (b. 1910) September 9 Nouhak Phoumsavanh, 3rd President of Laos (b. 1910) Warith Deen Mohammed, American Muslim leader, theologian, philosopher and revivalist (b. 1933) September 12 – David Foster Wallace, American writer (b. 1962) September 15 – Richard Wright, English keyboardist (b. 1943) September 18 – Mauricio Kagel, Argentine composer (b. 1931) September 19 – Earl Palmer, American R&B Drummer (b. 1924) September 21 – Dingiri Banda Wijetunga, 9th Prime Minister and 4th President of Sri Lanka (b. 1916) September 26 – Paul Newman, American actor, film director, entrepreneur and philanthropist (b. 1925) October Main article: Deaths in October 2008 Jörg Haider Sœur Emmanuelle October 1 – Boris Yefimov, Russian political cartoonist (b. 1900) October 6 – Paavo Haavikko, Finnish poet (b. 1931) October 8 – George Emil Palade, Romanian Nobel cell biologist (b. 1912) October 10 – Alexey Prokurorov, Russian cross-country skier (b. 1964) October 11 – Jörg Haider, Austrian politician (b. 1950) October 13 Alexei Cherepanov, Russian ice hockey player (b. 1989) Guillaume Depardieu, French actor (b. 1971) Antonio José González Zumárraga, Ecuadorian cardinal (b. 1925) October 15 – Edie Adams, American actress, singer and businessman (b. 1927) October 15 – Wang Yung-ching, Taiwanese entrepreneur (b. 1917) October 20 – Sœur Emmanuelle, Belgian-born French nun (b. 1908) October 25 Federico Luzzi, Italian tennis player (b. 1980) Muslim Magomayev, Azerbaijani singer (b. 1942) October 26 – Tony Hillerman, American writer (b. 1925) October 29 – William Wharton, American author (b. 1925) October 31 – Studs Terkel, American author and liberal commentator (b. 1912) November Main article: Deaths in November 2008 Michael Crichton November 1 Jimmy Carl Black, American drummer (b. 1938) Jacques Piccard, Swiss explorer and engineer (b. 1922) Yma Sumac, Peruvian soprano (b. 1923) November 4 Michael Crichton, American author and producer (b. 1942) Juan Camilo Mouriño, Mexican politician (b. 1971) November 9 – Miriam Makeba, South African singer and civil rights activist (b. 1932) November 10 – Kiyosi Itô, Japanese mathematician (b. 1915) November 12 – Mitch Mitchell, English drummer (b. 1946) November 14 – Tsvetanka Khristova, Bulgarian athlete (b. 1962) November 22 – Ibrahim Nasir, 2nd President of the Maldives (b. 1926) November 27 – V. P. Singh, 7th Prime Minister of India (b. 1931) November 29 – Jørn Utzon, Danish architect (b. 1918) December Main article: Deaths in December 2008 Alexy II Horst Tappert León Febres Cordero Eartha Kitt December 1 Paul Benedict, American actor (b. 1938) Mikel Laboa, Basque singer and songwriter (b. 1934) December 2 Frank Crean, Australian politician (b. 1916) Odetta, American singer (b. 1930) December 4 – Forrest J Ackerman, American magazine editor, science fiction writer, and literary agent (b. 1916) December 5 Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow, Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church (b. 1928) Nina Foch, Dutch-born American actress (b. 1924) Beverly Garland, American actress (b. 1926) December 8 – Robert Prosky, American actor (b. 1930) December 9 Yury Glazkov, Russian cosmonaut (b. 1939) Dražan Jerković, Croatian football player and manager (b. 1936) December 11 Daniel Carleton Gajdusek, American Nobel physician (b. 1923) Bettie Page, American pin-up model (b. 1923) December 12 Avery Dulles, American cardinal (b. 1918) Van Johnson, American actor (b. 1916) Tassos Papadopoulos, 5th President of Cyprus (b. 1934) December 13 – Horst Tappert, German actor (b. 1923) December 15 – León Febres Cordero, 35th President of Ecuador (b. 1931) December 18 Majel Barrett, American actress (b. 1932) Mark Felt, American FBI agent (b. 1913) December 19 – James Bevel, American minister and civil rights leader (b. 1936) December 20 Joseph Conombo, 3rd Prime Minister of Burkina Faso (b. 1917) Olga Lepeshinskaya, Russian ballerina (b. 1916) Robert Mulligan, American director (b. 1925) December 22 – Lansana Conté, 2nd President of Guinea (b. 1934) December 24 Samuel P. Huntington, American political scientist (b. 1927) Harold Pinter, English playwright, screenwriter, director and actor (b. 1930) December 25 – Eartha Kitt, American singer, actress, activist and author (b. 1927) December 29 – Freddie Hubbard, American jazz trumpeter (b. 1938) Nobel Prizes Nobel medal.png Chemistry – Martin Chalfie, Osamu Shimomura, and Roger Y. Tsien Economics – Paul Krugman Literature – Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio Peace – Martti Ahtisaari Physics – Makoto Kobayashi, Toshihide Maskawa, and Yoichiro Nambu Physiology or Medicine – Françoise Barré-Sinoussi, Harald zur Hausen, and Luc Montagnier New English words Bitcoin burner phone dumpster fire exome hate-watch mansplain photobomb[57] See also [icon] This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (August 2019) References "General Assembly Proclaims 2008 International Year of Languages, in Effort to Promote Unity in Diversity, Global Understanding". United Nations. Archived from the original on November 1, 2008. 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memories of New Millennium 2000
Billions of people around the world welcomed in the New Millennium with some of the most spectacular celebrations ever seen. 2000 - The Tate Modern opens in London. Concorde Air France Flight 4590 crashes just after takeoff from Paris killing all 109 aboard and 5 on the ground. The UK fuel protests take place, with refineries blockaded, and supply to the country's network of petrol stations halted. The use of mobile phones continues to grow as mobile phones move from the percieved "Yuppie Device" to an essential consumer product. The UK is hit by one of the worst snow storms in the last 50 years bringing public transport to a halt. Mad Cow Disease causes alarm in Europe due to it's growth. The Summer Olympics are held in Sydney Australia. The Concerns over Y2K passes without the serious, widespread computer failures and malfunctions that had been predicted. Microsoft releases Windows 2000. AOL and Time Warner Merge. The popular show Big Brother is broadcast and captures worldwide media interest. The Latest Harry Potter Book Is Published "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire". 51 million viewers watch the first season finale of the reality show "Survivor". The last of the original Mini's rolls off the production lines. Sony Playstation 2 is released. Our vision of the future is always changing. In the year 1910, we imagined that the year 2000 would be filled with airships and multi-armed robotic helpers. In the 1960s, manned trips to Mars seemed in our grasp. Early ideas about the Internet were sharpened and refined, and we saw nuclear technology and plastics change our lives, but in different ways than we predicted. How the UK coped with the millennium bug 15 years ago In the final months of 1999 concern grew into panic that the millennium bug was going to cause computers to malfunction and potentially endanger everything from tills to power stations. It didn't happen quite like that, but the public safety warnings from the time remain intriguing. The eight-page pullout that Action 2000 placed in British newspapers in 1999 is a snapshot of the technology in a home at the time. The government-backed advice booklet warns what to do about video recorders, answer phones and fax machines. The illustrations are of cathode ray tube computer monitors. The bug had first been predicted years before. An article in Computer World magazine in 1993 was one of the first to attempt to bring it to a wider audience. "Have you ever been in a car crash?" the article asked. "Unfortunately, unlike the car crash, time will not slow down for us. If anything, we're accelerating toward disaster." The bug was about the limitations of the clocks inside computers. Since the 1960s computers denoted years such as 1998 as 98 to save memory. As a result, when the new millennium arrived, it was expected many computer clocks would see 00 and understand that to mean 1900. "All of a sudden your business logic wouldn't work," says Ross Anderson, professor of security engineering at Cambridge University, of the threat. "The time of an invoice, delivery, transaction or any of the other 101 processes a business has is thrown completely off". In 1993, a newsletter called "Tick, Tick, Tick" ran a "worst-case scenario contest" which sought "the most creative ideas of what could happen on 01/01/2000". Many governments took precautions and in the UK and elsewhere they went further than just concentrating on business and key infrastructure - ordinary homeowners were drawn in too. In the UK Action 2000 was set up to warn and to prepare. Electronic machines needed to be "year 2000 compliant". "Your business is in danger" a leaflet stated in large yellow letters. But the message was still restrained - "the very worst that can happen is that some (computers) may get confused over the date". Its millennium bug "home check" pullout sought to explain. "Check your PC with our simple 5-layer Bug Test," it said. But it was also an attempt to dispel myths. "Very few household appliances are affected," it explained. "Lawn mowers, hedge trimmers, rotovators, barbeques (and) swimming pool equipment" are confirmed as safe. In the popular memory, the millennium bug was something that failed to come to pass. Most forget that there were consequences. In the UK, the bug was blamed for more than 150 pregnant women getting incorrect results for tests for Down's Syndrome. And while the wilder predictions in the media did not come to pass, those who worked on informing the public feel they acted sensibly and proportionately at the time. "We achieved our aim," says Gwynneth Flower, who was the managing director of Action 2000. "There were a few eccentrics. One woman virtually moved her whole family to a remote house in Scotland, with water only from a well at the bottom of the garden, because she thought it would be Armageddon." Traditional advertising was used, but also lectures in schools. We "explained it to them so they go and tell mummy and daddy, and ask what they were doing to prepare". Take-up in some areas was slow. Even within the government. In 1999 a report from the National Audit Office warned that there was a "wide variation in progress" by local authorities. Some found the preparations excessive. "It was an astonishing incident," says Anthony Finkelstein, professor of software systems engineering at UCL. But its implications were described by Tony Blair at the time as "one of the most serious problems facing not only British business but the global economy today". Margaret Beckett, then the minister in charge of millennium preparations, said the bug had the capacity to "wreak havoc". "I think there was a lot of hyperbole in the press. Part of our job was to keep on top of the hype" says Paddy Tipping, then minister for the millennium bug. "We had to downplay it and persuade people there was a strong government initiative working. Many people made their names saying it would be a catastrophe." But Finkelstein says it was political. "The cost of political overreaction is smaller than underreaction. It was a confluence of politics, commercial money, journalists who had a story too good to check and local interest." 2000: Spring freeze brings chaos Severe weather has forced the closure of one of Britain's main airports, Luton, near London, as blizzards and flooding have caused widespread chaos. More than two weeks into British Summer Time, much of the country has been experiencing its coldest April day on record. Large swathes of countryside were blanketed in snow, bringing traffic to a standstill and paralysing transport systems. The blast of icy weather comes just a month after weather meteorologists pronounced this winter the sunniest this century, with a daily average in England and Wales of two-and-a-half hours of sunshine a day. Concorde crash kills 113 Concorde crashed just minutes after take-off, killing all 109 people on board and four people on the ground. The Air France jet, bound for New York, crashed into a Relais Bleu hotel in the town of Gonesse, 10 miles north of Paris just before 1700 local time (1500 GMT). It is understood the aircraft, which had taken off from Roissy Charles de Gaulle airport just two minutes earlier, plummeted to the ground after one of the left-hand engines caught fire on take-off. There were 100 passengers on board, most were German tourists but also included two Danes, an Austrian and an American, all travelling to JFK airport in New York where they were due to join a cruise ship bound for Equador. M25 killer A man who carried out a "road rage" killing is beginning a life sentence after being convicted of murder at the Old Bailey in London. Kenneth Noye, 52, stabbed Stephen Cameron in the heart and liver as they fought on a slip road alongside the M25 motorway in 1996. Noye had been angered by the driving of Mr Cameron's girlfriend, Danielle Cable, who had cut into the lane ahead of his Landrover. When the vehicles came to a halt he got out and confronted Mr Cameron who died at the scene in the arms of Ms Cable. After the killing Noye fled to the Costa del Sol in Spain where he was arrested in 1998 by British police. Described by police as a "professional criminal", Noye had already been acquitted after a trial for stabbing an undercover policeman to death. However, he served a 14-year jail term for handling proceeds from the UK's biggest robbery, the Brinks Mat bullion heist. After Noye's arrest Danielle Cable was given a new identity and 24-hour police guard and moved to another part of Britain. Police believed as the main prosecution witness and the person who identified Noye in Spain, she might be targeted by his underworld associates. Another eye-witness, Alan Decabral, testified against Noye in spite of threats on his life. Mr Decabral was shot dead in August 2000 - Noye was questioned in connection with the murder but no charges were brought against him. In October 2001 Kenneth Noye's appeal was rejected and in March 2004 failed in his High Court attempt to challenge his mandatory life sentence. Sarah Payne's body found Police have confirmed the body they found in a West Sussex field yesterday is that of missing eight-year old Sarah Payne. A farm worker found the human remains less than 12 miles from where Sarah went missing near her grandparents' home near Littlehampton on 1 July. The partly covered body was lying 10 yards away from the A29 between Pulborough and Billingshurst. Sarah's parents, Sara and Michael, spent 20 minutes at the scene and laid flowers there. They looked at the tributes left by hundreds of well-wishers and police. Two days later police found what they believed to be one of Sarah's shoes in the village of Coolham, a few miles to the east of where the body was found. On 31 July, Roy Whiting - a known paedophile - was arrested then released on bail. He had already been questioned and released on 2 July. Whiting was arrested and charged with the murder on 6 February 2001. On 12 December 2001 he was found guilty of abducting and murdering Sarah Payne and given a life sentence. In 1995 Whiting had been given a four year sentence for attacking a nine-year-old girl. The News of the World supported Sara and Michael Payne in their campaign for "Sarah's Law" and public access to the sex offenders' register. Pressure for a so-called Sarah's Law has been maintained. But the government has resisted calls saying there would be a risk of the public taking the law into their own hands. The Krays Charlie Kray, one of the infamous Kray brothers, dies in hospital of the Isle of Wight after suffering a heart attack in Parkhurst Prison. He was 73 years old. 26 August – Gangster and murderer Reggie Kray, in the 32nd year of his life sentence at Broadmoor Hospital, is released from prison on compassionate grounds by Home Secretary Jack Straw due to bladder cancer from which he is expected to die within weeks. 1 October – Reggie Kray dies of cancer in a Norwich hotel at the age of 66. Kray was jailed for life in 1969 alongisde his brother, Ronald 'Ronnie' Kray, for the murder of their friend Jack 'the Hat' McVitie at a flat in Stoke Newington. Ronnie Kray died in prison in 1995. He was serving a life sentence for the murder of George Cornell when he suffered a heart attack. In 2000, Reggie, whose real name was Reginald, was released from prison on compassionate grounds after being diagnosed with cancer. He took up a room in Beefeater Town House Hotel in Norwich after being discharged from the Norwich Hospital. On October 1, with his wife Roberta at his bedside, he died peacefully in his sleep. Considered the softer of the two twins, Reggie married twice in his life. His first wife, Frances Kray, died in 1967. While some claimed the young bride killed herself, others suggested Reggie's twin, Ronnie, had a hand in her death. Fuel protesters rally for tax cut Convoys of lorries and tractors have converged on the capitals of England and Scotland to mark the 60-day deadline for government action to cut fuel tax. Both demonstrations passed off peacefully. The biggest was in London where protesters rallied in Hyde Park. About 350 vehicles were stopped by police from entering the centre of the city. Drivers parked their vehicles on the hard shoulder of the Westway on the outskirts of central London before making their way on foot to the demonstration. In Edinburgh, about 150 vehicles from as far away as John O'Groats converged on Princes Street in the city centre. However, a spokesman for Prime Minister Tony Blair reiterated the government would not back down on fuel tax. He said: "We have acknowledged repeatedly that the price of petrol is high and this causes particular problems, for example, for people in rural communities. "We have done what we can, but to do more would be to start to jeopardise the extra investment the government is putting into public services." Fuel tax activists have warned they will take action again next year if the government does not meet their demands. 2000 Timeline Japanese carmaker Nissan adds a third model to its factory near Sunderland; the new version of the Almera hatchback and slaoon, which goes on sale in March. 1 January – Millennium celebrations take place throughout the UK. The Millennium Dome is officially opened by the Queen. 3 January – Thames Valley Police speak of their belief that the Cézanne painting stolen from Oxford's Ashmolean Museum on New Year's Eve was taken by professional thieves. 4 January – Catherine Hartley and Fiona Thornewill become the first British women to reach the South Pole. The flu outbreak in Britain puts pressure on NHS. 10 January - The Prime Minister's wife, Cherie Blair, is fined for not having a valid train ticket with her during her journey from Blackfriars to Luton station. She claimed only to have Portuguese currency with her at the time and couldn't find a machine where she could use her credit card. 11 January – A Scottish trawler, the Solway Harvester, sinks in the Irish Sea, killing seven sailors. 12 January - It is announced that former Chilean dictator, Augusto Pinochet, is to be sent home after the Home Secretary, Jack Straw, accepted "unequivocal and unanimous" medical evidence that Pinochet is unfit to stand trial in Spain on charges of torture. 22 January – The Rugby league 2000 World Club Challenge is won by Melbourne Storm who defeat St Helens 44 – 6 at the JJB Stadium. 31 January – Dr. Harold Shipman in sentenced to life imprisonment after being found guilty of murdering 15 patients in Greater Manchester between 1995 and 1998. He is also sentenced to four years in prison, to run concurrently, for forging the will of one of his victims. Waterhouse report into the Wales child abuse scandal published. 11 February - The Royal Bank of Scotland succeeds in the hostile takeover battle for its larger English rival, NatWest Bank, successfully defeating a rival offer by the Bank of Scotland. Northern Ireland Assembly is suspended. 28 February – The chief of British Nuclear Fuels resigns over a safety scandal at Sellafield. 2 March – The UK returns Augusto Pinochet to Chile to face trial. 14 March – All stores of furniture retailer World of Leather and its parent Uno plc close. 15 March – BMW announces plans to sell the Rover Group, with London-based Alchemy consortium emerging as favourites for a takeover. 25 March – David Trimble wins the leadership election of the Ulster Unionist Party. 31 March – Myra Hindley, who has spent 34 years in prison for her part in the Moors Murders, loses a third High Court appeal against a Home Office ruling that her life sentence should mean life. April – The Ministry of Defence publishes a booklet Soldiering – The Military Covenant which introduces the term into public discourse referring to the mutual obligations between the nation and its armed forces. 1 April - An Enigma machine is stolen from Bletchley Park Museum. Section 27 of the Access to Justice Act 1999 comes into force allowing recovery of fees from the losing party in civil actions, extending the availability of conditional fee arrangements. 3 April – The Immigration and Asylum Act means that all asylum seekers in England and Wales will now receive vouchers to cover the cost of food and clothes. 4 April – Charlie Kray, one of the infamous Kray brothers, dies in hospital of the Isle of Wight after suffering a heart attack in Parkhurst Prison. He was 73 years old. 12 April – The Royal Ulster Constabulary is presented with the George Cross by The Queen. 14 April – Kenneth Noye, the so-called "M25 killer", sentenced to life imprisonment. 19 April – Tony Martin is sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder of a 16-year-old burglar he shot dead at his Norfolk farmhouse eight months ago. He is also convicted of the attempted murder of Brendon Fearon, the burglar who was wounded when Martin opened fire and killed Fred Barras. 29 April – At Murrayfield Stadium, the 2000 Challenge Cup rugby league tournament culminates in the Bradford Bulls' 24 – 18 win in the final against the Leeds Rhinos. 1 May – May Day riot in central London by anti-capitalist protestors. The statue of Winston Churchill in Parliament Square, and the Cenotaph in Whitehall are daubed with graffiti. 3 May – The London Stock Exchange and Germany's Deutsche Börse announce merger plans. 4 May – London mayoral election: Ken Livingstone elected Mayor of London defeating Steve Norris, the Conservative Party candidate in second place; and Frank Dobson, the Labour Party candidate in third place. 9 May – BMW sells the bulk of the Rover Group (the Rover and MG marques) to the Phoenix Consortium, while it retains the rights to the Mini marque, and sells Land Rover to Ford. 12 May - The Tate Modern art museum is opened. Ford announces that production of cars at its Dagenham plant will discontinue when the Fiesta is replaced in 2002. 17 May – Royal Marines Alan Chambers and Charlie Paton become the first British people to reach the Geographic North Pole unaided. 20 May – Chelsea beat Aston Villa 1–0 to win the last FA Cup final at Wembley Stadium before the old stadium (which is due to close in October) is rebuilt. 24 May – National Botanic Garden of Wales opens to the public in Carmarthenshire. 25 May – National Waste Strategy first published. June – Celtic Manor Wales Open European Tour golf tournament first played. 7 June – Tony Blair receives a hostile reception during a speech at the Women's Institute, where he is heckled and slow hand-clapped by furious members. 10 June – The much-anticipated Millennium Bridge opens to the public, but has to close after it starts swaying. 12 June – The England national football team begins its participation in the European Championships, jointly hosted by the Netherlands and Belgium. They lose their opening group game 3–2 to Portugal despite taking an early 2–0 lead through Paul Scholes and Steve McManaman. 17 June – Alan Shearer, who is set to retire from international football after the European Championships, scores the only goal as England beat holders Germany 1–0 in the second group game. 18 June – Following a series of hooliganism incidents by England fans, UEFA threatens to expel England from Euro 2000 if there is any further trouble. 20 June – England's hopes of winning Euro 2000 are ended when they lose 3–2 to Romania in the final group game, again after taking the lead earlier in the game. 21 June – Repeal in Scotland of controversial Section 28 of the Local Government Act 1988 which prevented local authorities from "promoting homosexuality". Section 28 is not repealed in the rest of the UK until 2003. 30 June – David Copeland is found guilty of causing the three nail bomb attacks in London last year. He is sentenced to life imprisonment and the trial judge recommends that he should serve at least 30 years before being considered for parole, meaning that he is likely to remain in prison until at least 2029 and the age of 54. July – Vauxhall launches the all-new Agila city car. 5 July – Colin Fallows, driving the Vampire turbojet-propelled dragster, sets a British land speed record, a mean 300.3 mph (483.3 km/h), at Elvington, Yorkshire. 14 July – Reality television game show Big Brother first airs in Britain. 18 July – Alex Salmond resigns as the leader of the Scottish National Party. 20 July – Production of the Ford Escort, one of Britain's most successful and iconic motoring nameplates, finishes after 32 years. 23 July – The News of the World starts a campaign for Sarah's Law, in honour of murdered Surrey girl Sarah Payne, who was found dead in West Sussex on 17 July having gone missing 16 days earlier. 28 July – Last 80 prisoners leave the Maze Prison in Northern Ireland as part of the Northern Ireland peace process. 4 August – Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother celebrates her 100th birthday. 26 August – Gangster and murderer Reggie Kray, in the 32nd year of his life sentence at Broadmoor Hospital, is released from prison on compassionate grounds by Home Secretary Jack Straw due to bladder cancer from which he is expected to die within weeks. September – Ford unveils its all-new second generation Mondeo large family car, which is due on sale towards the end of this year. 8 September – UK fuel protests: Protesters block the entrances to oil refineries in protest against high fuel prices. Panic buying by motorists leads to nationwide petrol shortages, with between 75–90% of all UK petrol stations closing due to low supplies in the following week. 14 September – After beginning the year 20 points behind the Labour government in the opinion polls, the Conservative opposition's hopes of winning the next election (due to be held within 18 months) are boosted when they come two points ahead of Labour on 38% in a MORI opinion poll. 15 September – 1 October – Great Britain competes at the Olympics in Sydney and wins 11 gold, 10 silver and 7 bronze medals. 18 September – Survivors of the Southall and Ladbroke Grove rail disasters criticise Railtrack for putting costs ahead of safety and causing a series of blunders which led to the tragedies. 23 September - Earthquake in Warwickshire. Rower Steve Redgrave wins his fifth consecutive gold medal at the Olympics. October – Ford launches the all-new Mondeo with a range of saloons, hatchbacks and estates. 1 October – Reggie Kray dies of cancer in a Norwich hotel at the age of 66. 4 October – After 41 years, production of the Mini car ends at the Longbridge plant owned by MG Rover in Birmingham. The new model will go into production next spring at the Cowley plant in Oxford that is owned by BMW. 7 October – Wembley Stadium closes after 77 years. It is set to re-open in 2003 following a complete reconstruction that will see its capacity raised to 90,000 all-seated. In the final game at the old stadium, the England football team loses 1–0 to Germany in their opening qualifying game for the 2002 World Cup and manager Kevin Keegan resigns after 18 months in charge. 16 October – The BBC's main evening news show moves to 10:00 pm; the following year ITV1 will move its news back to the same time slot and broadcasts in direct competition. 17 October – Hatfield rail crash: A Great North Eastern Railway InterCity 225 train derails south of Hatfield station, killing 4 people. 23 October – After the fuel protests were solved, Labour support has been restored, according to the latest MORI opinion poll which shows them 13 points ahead of the Conservatives with 45% of the vote. 26–27 October – Following the death of Donald Dewar, Henry McLeish is selected to be First Minister of Scotland by the Scottish Parliament, and is officially appointed by The Queen. 26 October – House of Lords delivers judgement in White v White, a landmark case in redistribution of finances and property on divorce. 30 October – Sven-Göran Eriksson, the 52-year-old Swedish coach of Italian side Lazio, accepts an offer from the Football Association to take charge of the England team for five years commencing next July. Eriksson will be the first foreign manager to take charge of the England team, but until his arrival the England team will be jointly managed by interim coaches Peter Taylor and Howard Wilkinson. 7 November – The theft of £350 million worth of diamonds from the Millennium Dome is foiled by police. 16 November – Actor Michael Caine receives a knighthood from the Queen. 18 November – Marriage of American actor Michael Douglas and Welsh actress Catherine Zeta-Jones. 20 November – Judith Keppel becomes the first person to win £1 million on the television programme Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. 21 November – Dennis Canavan MSP resigns as MP for Falkirk West, triggering a by-election. 23 November – Double by-election held in Glasgow Anniesland to elect successors to Donald Dewar's seats in both the UK Parliament and the Scottish Parliament. Labour holds both seats with swings to the SNP of 6% and 7%. 26 November – Rio Ferdinand, the 22-year-old England national football team defender, becomes the nation's most expensive player in an £18million transfer from West Ham United to Leeds United. 27 November – Damilola Taylor, a 10-year-old school boy originally from Nigeria, is stabbed to death on his way home from school in Peckham, London. 2 December – Two teenagers and a 39-year-old man are released on police bail after being arrested in connection with the Damilola Taylor killing. 3 December – The Church of England introduces the Common Worship series of service books. 8 December – The Equitable Life Assurance Society closes to new business. 21 December – Falkirk West by-election results in Eric Joyce retaining the seat for Labour, though with a majority reduced to just 705 votes in the face of a swing of 16.2% to the SNP. 22 December – American pop star Madonna, 42, marries 32-year-old British film producer Guy Ritchie at Skibo Castle in the Scottish Highlands. 29 December – Arctic weather conditions blight Britain, with heavy snow and temperatures as low as −13C plaguing the country and causing extensive gridlocking on the roads and railways. 31 December – The Millennium Dome closes as planned after one year. 2000 is the wettest year on record in the UK. Sales of the DVD format, first launched in the UK in June 1998, pass the 1 million mark, although the VHS format remains by far the most popular format of home video. Television BBC One 1 January – Castaway 2000 (2000–2001) 23 January – Clocking Off (2000–2003) 4 February – My Hero (2000–2006) 27 February – Monarch of the Glen (2000–2005) 26 March – Doctors (2000–present) 2 October – BBC Breakfast (2000–present) 16 October – BBC News at Ten (2000–present) BBC Two 12 May – Coupling (2000–2004) 14 August – The Weakest Link (2000–2012) BBC News 24 Click Online (2000 – present) ITV 20 January – At Home with the Braithwaites (2000–2003) 13 March – Savage Planet (2000–2000s) 15 August – The People Versus (2000–2002) Channel 4 14 July – Big Brother (Channel 4 2000–2010, Channel 5 2011–present) Channel 5 11 September – The Wright Stuff (2000–present) 12 September – Jailbreak (2000) BBC Choice 30 May – Liquid News (2000–2004) Sky 11 September – Time Gentlemen Please (2000–2002) BRIT Awards The 2000 BRIT Awards winners were: Best selling live act: Steps Best soundtrack: "Notting Hill" British album: Travis – "The Man Who" British breakthrough act: S Club 7 British dance act: The Chemical Brothers British female solo artist: Beth Orton British group: Travis British male solo artist: Tom Jones British single: Robbie Williams – "She's the One" British video: Robbie Williams – "She's the One" International breakthrough act: Macy Gray International female: Macy Gray International group: TLC International male: Beck Outstanding contribution: Spice Girls Pop act: Five Number-one singles Westlife - "I Have a Dream"/"Seasons in the Sun" Manic Street Preachers - "The Masses Against the Classes" Britney Spears - "Born to Make You Happy" Gabrielle - "Rise" Oasis - "Go Let It Out" All Saints - "Pure Shores" Madonna - "American Pie" Chicane with Bryan Adams - "Don't Give Up" Geri Halliwell - "Bag It Up" Melanie C featuring Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes - "Never Be The Same Again" Westlife - "Fool Again" Craig David - "Fill Me In" Fragma - "Toca's Miracle" Oxide & Neutrino - "Bound 4 Da Reload (Casualty)" Britney Spears - "Oops!... I Did It Again" Madison Avenue - "Don't Call Me Baby" Billie Piper - "Day & Night" Sonique - "It Feels So Good" Black Legend - "You See the Trouble with Me" Kylie Minogue - "Spinning Around" Eminem - "The Real Slim Shady" The Corrs - "Breathless" Ronan Keating - "Life Is a Rollercoaster" Five + Queen - "We Will Rock You" Craig David - "7 Days" Robbie Williams - "Rock DJ" Melanie C - "I Turn to You" Spiller featuring Sophie Ellis-Bextor - "Groovejet (If This Ain't Love)" Madonna - "Music" A1 - "Take On Me" Modjo - "Lady (Hear Me Tonight)" Mariah Carey featuring Westlife - "Against All Odds" All Saints - "Black Coffee" U2 - "Beautiful Day" Steps - "Stomp" Spice Girls - "Holler"/"Let Love Lead the Way" Westlife - "My Love" A1 - "Same Old Brand New You" LeAnn Rimes - "Can't Fight the Moonlight" Destiny's Child - "Independent Women Part I" S Club 7 - "Never Had a Dream Come True" Eminem featuring Dido - "Stan" Bob the Builder - "Can We Fix It?" Popular Films How the Grinch Stole Christmas! Cast Away Mission: Impossible II Gladiator What Women Want The Perfect Storm Meet the Parents X-Men Scary Movie What Lies Beneath Gladiator Erin Brockovich Billy Elliot

That Was the Year That Was - 1900
Monarch – Victoria Prime Minister – Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury (Coalition) Conservatives are re-elected The Conservatives, benefiting from British success in the Boer War, and from splits in the Liberal Party, were returned to power. Lord Salisbury remained as prime minister and became the last premier to sit in the House of Lords. The late Queen Mother was born on August 4 1900, into interesting times. The world she opened her eyes on was one few of us can imagine, let alone recognise. The British empire was at the zenith, Queen Victoria still sat on the throne, and powered flight was still an impossible dream. The new century would bring changes which the parents of the Hon Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon could scarcely have envisaged. A new politics was already beginning to emerge. February 1900 saw the first meeting, in London's Farringdon Road, of the Labour Representation Committee, bringing together socialists and trade unionists. They chose as their first secretary James Ramsay Macdonald, who had an advantage: he was rich enough not to need a salary. Colonel Robert Baden-Powell who, during the siege, had pressed schoolboys into service as messengers - or, as he preferred to call them, Boy Scouts. It would be three years before the Wright brothers would coax the world's first powered aircraft off the ground at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. But in 1900 Count Ferdinand Zeppelin was on the shores of Lake Constance to watch his first airship take to the skies. In Vienna, Sigmund Freud was working on his book, Interpretation of Dreams. In China, the dowager empress Tzu Hsi fled from Peking as the Boxer Rising collapsed. There was still child labour in 20th century Britain, but it was fast disappearing. In 1900 a new Mines Act forbade the underground employment of boys under 13. The Irish Home Rule party in the House of Commons had a new leader, in John Redmond. A new British newspaper, the Daily Express, was daringly putting news, rather than advertising, on its front page. Strange times indeed. South African Boar War South African War, also called Boer War, Second Boer War, or Anglo-Boer War; to Afrikaners, also called Second War of Independence, war fought from October 11, 1899, to May 31, 1902, between Great Britain and the two Boer (Afrikaner) republics—the South African Republic (Transvaal) and the Orange Free State—resulting in British victory. Although it was the largest and most costly war in which the British engaged between the Napoleonic Wars and World War I (spending more than £200 million), it was fought between wholly unequal protagonists. The total British military strength in Southern Africa reached nearly 500,000 men, whereas the Boers could muster no more than about 88,000. But the British were fighting in a hostile country over difficult terrain, with long lines of communications, while the Boers, mainly on the defensive, were able to use modern rifle fire to good effect at a time when attacking forces had no means of overcoming it. The conflict provided a foretaste of warfare fought with breach-loading rifles and machine guns, with the advantage to the defenders, that was to characterize World War I. The Boers had rejected an offer of peace from the British in March 1901, in part because it required that the Boers recognize the British annexation of their republics. Fighting continued until the Boers finally accepted the loss of their independence with the Peace of Vereeniging in May 1902. In the end, pragmatic Boer leaders such as Louis Botha and General Smuts trumped the will of the bittereinders and opted to negotiate for peace on the basis of British suzerainty, promises of local self-government, the swift restoration and efficient management of the gold mines, and, crucially, the alliance of Boers and Britons against black Africans. the Liverpool barque Primrose Hill is wrecked The British barque Primrose Hill left Liverpool for Vancouver,Canada under tow. When the wind increased the tug had to release the Primrose Hill which drifted on to Holyhead, Penrhyn Mawr, and was wrecked. Only one man of the crew survived. The Primrose Hill then dropped both anchors, but they dragged, and when within some 200 yards of the South Stack Lighthouse - her crew actually waving to those on the cliffs - she struck aubmerged rock. The time was 14:00hrs, the storm was most severe, and within five minutes - a remarkably short time for a steel vessel - she went to pieces. The location was South Stack Lighthouse, 1.5M, ESE. Lat, Long 53:17N, 04:41:01W. Her cargo is understood to have been bricks. Of the 34 on board, 33 perished. 27 of the bodies were found, but only 12 were ever identified. 6 bodies were never recovered. All of the bodies that were found were interred at Holyhead, except for those of H. Hughes the Mate - interred in Liverpool, and S.G. Cakebread an Apprentice - interred in London. Britains first council estate The Boundary Estate is a housing development in Bethnal Green, formally opened in 1900, in the East End and in East London, England. It is situated in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets and on the boundary with Shoreditch both to the west and south. The estate, constructed from 1890, was one of the earliest social housing schemes built by a local government authority, although Liverpool Corporation had begun building tenement blocks in 1869. It replaced the Friars Mount rookery in the Old Nichol. It was built on top of the demolished rookery, the works were begun by the Metropolitan Board of Works in 1893 and completed by the recently formed London County Council. It was, arguably, the world's first council estate. Soil from the foundations was used to construct a mound in the middle of Arnold Circus at the centre of the development, surmounted by a still-extant bandstand. The estate consists of multi-story brick tenements radiating from the central circus, each of which bears the name of a location along the River Thames. the Gramophone Company copyrights the His Master's Voice illustration Nipper the Dog looking at and listening to a phonograph. Francis Barraud's 1895 painting of Nipper looking into an Edison Bell cylinder phonograph. When lists are drawn up of Bristol’s best-known Victorian characters, they always seem to forget Nipper. But Nipper’s probably the most famous of them all, a figure known across the world. He was a mongrel with a touch of bull terrier and a century later he’s still celebrated for his role as that loyal pooch listening to His Master’s Voice. The Bristol-born dog was bought as a pup in 1884 by flamboyant Bristol theatrical artist Mark Barraud and the two became inseparable. When some of Mark’s most brilliant sets for exotic shows at the Prince’s Theatre in Park Row won a standing ovation, Nipper would join his master on stage for a bow. When Barraud died in 1887, leaving a widow and five children, his brother Francis gave Nipper a home and the dog became fascinated by the family’s phonograph. He would sit quietly listening to the horn loudspeaker, ears cocked. Nipper and his second master later moved to Kingston-on-Thames where the dog died in 1895 and was buried under a mulberry tree in the garden. Three years later Francis painted his immortal picture in memory of a dearly-loved pal. The original painting was sold to the Gramophone Company for £100 and in 1908 Nipper replaced the company’s original logo.., so becoming one of the most famous pets of all. By 1950 Nipper was such a superstar that the record company HMV, named after the picture, wanted to remove his remains to their headquarters in Hayes. Alas, Nipper’s bones had been covered by a newly-built concrete car park. And there he rests. arsenic in brewing sugars In 1900, more than 6,000 people in England were poisoned by arsenic-tainted beer, with more than 70 of the afflicted dying as a result. The food safety crisis was caused by arsenic entering the supply chain through impure sugar which had been made with contaminated sulphuric acid. The illness was prevalent across the Midlands and North West England, with Manchester being the most heavily affected. Originally misdiagnosed as alcoholic neuropathy, the main epidemic was only recognised after several months. Additionally, investigation into the outbreak found other sources of arsenic in beer, which had been unknowingly poisoning thousands in decades preceding the outbreak. This mass poisoning is unusual in that it was not noticed for four months. The doctors, seeing patients who were usually heavy drinkers and who showed muscle weakness and numbness of the hands or feet, initially thought that the patients were suffering from "alcoholic neuritis". Nevertheless, a marked increase in the number of cases was noted, with 41 people succumbing to peripheral neuritis, multiple neuritis or alcoholic neuritis and 66 people perishing from alcoholism in the four months of the outbreak, while the previous seven months revealed only 22. These cases of neuritis were eventually connected to cases of skin discolouration previously thought to be unrelated. Ernest Reynolds, the doctor responsible for making the connection, also noted that only one substance would cause these symptoms: arsenic. He also noted that heavy drinkers who drank mainly spirits seemed less affected than beer drinkers. He gathered samples for analysis from the taverns frequented by his patients, which confirmed the presence of arsenic in the beer they consumed. William Harbutt of Bathampton begins commercial production of Plasticine modelling clay Plasticine was invented by William Harbutt of Bath. Some claim Plasticine was invented by Franz Kolb of Munich, Germany in 1880. He sold 'Kunst-Modellierton' ('art-model-hone'). His invention was similar, but not the same. Plasticine was invented by art teacher William Harbutt of Bathampton, near Bath, as a substitute for clay, in 1897. Plasticine is popular as a teaching tool for its soft and non-hardening characteristics. Plasticine has been on sale to the public since 1908. Now though, a deal has been struck with a company that specialises in breathing new life into classic toys. Plasticine is being re-marketed to try to bring about a nostalgic revival. The new look Plasticine should soon be reappearing in toy shops across the country. For many of us Plasticine is a toy which we grew up with during our childhood. Its malleable form meant that it helped shape our growing imaginations. Plasticine was invented in Bath and made famous in Bristol, but where is it now? It all started with the frustrations of a Victorian art teacher, William Harbutt. He invented an oil based modelling clay for his sculpture students to stop their work drying out too quickly. It was only when his children started playing with plasticine at home that he realised it might have wider appeal. Small scale production began in a basement in Bath, using a garden roller to flatten out the clay. Within four years, production moved to Harbutt's first factory in Bathampton, a small village just outside of Bath. Hundreds of uses for plasticine were found, but it was TV producers in Bristol who brought it international fame. The animated children's character Morph was modelled from plasticine. The same techniques are still being used today by Aardman to create the characters in the new Wallace and Gromit feature film. In the early 1980s Harbutts were taken over and the Bathampton factory was closed down. The Harbutts name disappeared from the packaging and production was moved overseas. Sales plummeted. 1900 UK news events Beer Scare: beer drinkers in North West England suffer poisoning from arsenic in brewing sugars: 6,000 people affected and 70 killed. The 1900 Summer Olympics takes place in Paris but the Olympic status of the games is underplayed and many competitors do not realise that they have participated in the modern Olympics. Women take part in the modern Olympics for the first time. The first sportswomen to compete in the games are Mme. Brohy and Mlle. Ohnier of France in croquet. The first female champion is Charlotte Cooper of Great Britain in tennis. France wins the most medals (100), and the most gold medals. William Harbutt of Bathampton begins commercial production of Plasticine modelling clay. Great Eastern Railway of England introduces the first Class S46 Claud Hamilton 4-4-0 steam locomotive from its Stratford Works. Nottingham Victoria railway station opens in Nottingham, England. Blue Circle Industries was a British public company manufacturing cement. It was founded in 1900 as the Associated Portland Cement Manufacturers Ltd through the fusion of 24 cement works, mostly located on the Thames and Medway estuaries, together having around a 70% market share of the British cement market. In 1911, the British Portland Cement Manufacturers Ltd. was formed by the addition of a further 35 companies, creating a company with an initial 80% of the British cement market. Official opening of the Central London Railway, core of the Central line of the London Underground, the third deep-level electrified "tube" railway in the city. The Central London Railway opens between Shepherd's Bush and Bank. An Act is passed to authorize the absorption of the Aberlady, Gullane and North Berwick Railway in Scotland by the North British Railway via a stock transfer. Completion of the Arnold Cross estate, Shoreditch, London; Britain's first council estate to be commenced (10 years previously). Diamond Jubilee wins the English Triple Crown by finishing first in the Epsom Derby, 2,000 Guineas and St Leger, ridden by Herbert Jones. 3 January – royal yacht Victoria and Albert almost capsizes while being floated out of dry dock at Pembroke Dock on completion of her construction. 9 January – influenza outbreak in London. 24 January – Second Boer War: Boers repel British troops under General Sir Redvers Buller at the Battle of Spion Kop. 31 January – the Gramophone Company copyrights the His Master's Voice illustration. 5 February – the UK and the United States sign a treaty for the building of a Central American shipping canal through Nicaragua. 6 February – the House of Commons vote of censure over the government's handling of the Second Boer War is defeated by a majority of 213. 8 February – Second Boer War: British troops are defeated by Boers at Ladysmith, South Africa. 12 February – meeting held at Mile End to protest against the Boer War ends in uproar. 14 February – Second Boer War: in South Africa, 20,000 British troops invade the Orange Free State. 27 February - Boer War: in South Africa, British military leaders receive an unconditional notice of surrender from Boer General Piet Cronjé. Creation of the Labour party; Ramsay MacDonald is appointed its first secretary. 28 February – Second Boer War: the 118-day Siege of Ladysmith is lifted. March–September – War of the Golden Stool fought against the Ashanti Empire. 1 April – Irish Guards formed by Queen Victoria. 4 April – an anarchist shoots at the Prince of Wales during his visit to Belgium for the birthday celebrations of the King of Belgium. 4 April – Queen Victoria arrives in Dublin on a rare visit. 23 April–12 May: the Automobile Club of Great Britain stages a Thousand Mile Trial, a reliability motor rally over a circular route from London to Edinburgh and return. 24 April – the Daily Express newspaper published for the first time, first published as a broadsheet in 1900 by Sir Arthur Pearson. 14 May – 28 October: Great Britain and Ireland compete at the Olympics in Paris and win 15 gold, 6 silver and 9 bronze medals. 17 May – Second Boer War: Siege of Mafeking ends. 18 May – the UK proclaims a protectorate over Tonga. 5 June – Boer War: British soldiers take Pretoria, South Africa. 19–21 July – Bernard Bosanquet first bowls a googly in first-class cricket, playing for Middlesex against Leicestershire at Lord's. 27 July – Louise, Princess Royal, a granddaughter of Queen Victoria, marries Alexander Duff, Earl of Fife, in the private chapel of Buckingham Palace, London; 2 days later he is created Duke of Fife, the last Dukedom created in Britain for a person who is not a son, grandson or consort of the Sovereign. 30 July - The Duke of Albany becomes Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha as Carl Eduard following the death of his uncle, Duke Alfred, a son of Queen Victoria who is the third of the reigning monarch's children to die. Mines (Prohibition of Child Labour Underground) Act prohibits children under the age of thirteen from working in mines. 8 August – Great Britain loses to the United States in the first Davis Cup tennis competition. 14 August – an international contingent of troops, under British command, invades Peking and frees the Europeans taken hostage. 27 August – British defeat Boer commandos at Bergendal. 3 September – West Bromwich Albion F.C. move into The Hawthorns, a new stadium on the border of West Bromwich and Handsworth. 3 October – Edward Elgar’s choral work The Dream of Gerontius receives its first performance, in Birmingham Town Hall. 25 October – Second Boer War: United Kingdom annexes Transvaal. 22–14 November – strike of Welsh slate workers at Penrhyn Quarry. 3 December – the Conservative Party under Lord Salisbury wins the 'Khaki' general election. Winston Churchill is elected Member of Parliament for Oldham; and two Labour candidates are successful: Keir Hardie in Merthyr Tydfil and Richard Bell in Derby. 28 December – the Liverpool barque Primrose Hill is wrecked on South Stack off Holyhead, with the loss of 33 lives. 31 December – a storm causes a stone and a lintel to fall at Stonehenge; they are restored in 1958. Sport 1900 was the eleventh season of County Championship cricket in England. Yorkshire finished the season unbeaten to take the championship title and were the first unbeaten champions since the official competition began in 1890. Defending champions Surrey finished seventh. Lancashire were second, and the matches between the two top teams both ended in draws; Yorkshire made 230 in the first innings of the first game, compared to Lancashire's 96, but still could not force a victory, and in the second, with a crowd of over 44,000 present over three days at Old Trafford, Yorkshire took a lead of seven runs on first innings, but as only two and a half hours of play had been possible on the second day, the game was drawn. Sussex, who finished third with 18 of 24 matches drawn, enjoyed 2,000 runs from Ranjitsinhji for the second season running, as he bettered the record for most runs in a Championship season to 2,563. There were no international matches during this season. Cricket is suspended in South Africa for the next three seasons on account of the Boer War. Bernard Bosanquet first bowls a googly in first-class cricket, playing for Middlesex against Leicestershire at Lord's. Football The Football League – Aston Villa 50 points, Sheffield United 48, Sunderland 41, Wolves 39, Newcastle United 36, Derby County 36. FA Cup final – Bury 4–0 Southampton at Crystal Palace, London. Chesterfield and Middlesbrough replaced Blackpool and Darwen in the Football League. Glossop debuted in the First Division, becoming the smallest town ever to compete in the highest English football division. The team finished in bottom place and was relegated, becoming the first of six clubs that so far have only completed one season in the top flight. West Bromwich Albion F.C. move into The Hawthorns, a new stadium on the border of West Bromwich and Handsworth. Leicester United Football Club was an English football team based in the East Midlands city of Leicester, Leicestershire. They were formed in 1900. They were wound up in 1996, four years away from their centenary. Thornycroft Athletic FC were formed in 1900, as the works side of the Thornycroft vehicle manufacturing company, and three years later they became founder members of the Basingstoke League where they twice won the title. First Division - Aston Villa Second Division - The Wednesday FA Cup - Bury Home Championship - Scotland Scottish Football League – Rangers Scottish Cup final – Celtic were winners of the Scottish Cup after a 4–3 win over Queen's Park. Golf Major tournaments British Open – John Henry Taylor British Amateur – Harold Hilton British Ladies Amateur Golf Championship – Rhona Adair Horse racing England Diamond Jubilee wins the English Triple Crown by finishing first in the Epsom Derby, 2,000 Guineas and St Leger, ridden by Herbert Jones. Grand National – Ambush II 1,000 Guineas Stakes – Winifreda 2,000 Guineas Stakes – Diamond Jubilee The Derby – Diamond Jubilee The Oaks – La Roche St. Leger Stakes – Diamond Jubilee Tennis England Great Britain loses to the United States in the first Davis Cup tennis competition. Wimbledon Men's Singles Championship – Reginald Doherty (GB) defeats Sydney Smith (GB) 6–8 6–3 6–1 6–2. Wimbledon Women's Singles Championship – Blanche Bingley Hillyard (GB) defeats Charlotte Cooper-Sterry (GB) 4–6 6–4 6–4.

2011 Spring Core
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Mount Tomah and Blue Mountains
Mount Tomah Botanic Garden is 105 km west of Sydney in the Blue Mountains. Here, on 28 hectares at 1000 meters above sea level, many plants not suited to Sydney's climate can be grown successfully.

Blue Mountain Valley
The view is from the Hydra Majestic Resort Hotel, Blue Mountains NSW, June 2000

2011 Spring Core
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2011 Spring Core
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Repairs
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Winston Hills & Old Toongabbie 1951, Sydney aerial photo
Historic aerial photo, taken in 1951, of the Sydney suburbs of Winston Hills at top and Toongabbie at bottom left, with Old Toongabbie at right. Windsor Road winds diagonally from top left to bottom right. Google maps view: maps.google.com.au/maps?q=renoir+st+winston+hills&ie=... [Image: 6720 x 7185 px].

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Silverwater Plumbing

5.0

Chen Zhao

12:16 08 Oct 18

Great service and very professional. Replaced my hot water from an indoor to outdoor unit and upgraded relevant gas and water pipes. Great attention to details too even though the job was quite big. For example sanding off the copper pipe after cutting it before installation. Price is fair and you get discount for multiple jobs. Highly recommend them.

Amina Adus

12:42 07 Oct 18

I highly recommend Silverwater Plumbing services to everyone, they are friendly and experienced. Our toilet which is attached to the wall had been blocked for a while, we are happy that it is in use again. These guys detached it and resealed it all perfectly. We were offered the best quote and the best service ! Thank you for the 5 star service

Amir Khalili

21:50 10 Oct 18

Both plumber where fast friendly very hard working. Kept informed with what was happening and explained what not to do in future Would highly recommend, will use again in future.

lehnet

05:46 03 Aug 18

The hot water in my shower was not working properly, a guy named Solomon from Silverwater Plumbing came out and did and amazing job. He was polite, professional and went as far as explaining to me in layman's term what the issue was. Very well informed with his work and problem was fixed in no time. Thank you Solomon!! Highly recommended.

ben finch

23:12 26 Aug 18

Top rate service and courteous as well. I highly recommend Silverwater Plumbing. They helped us out at a very early hour so that the cafe could trade. Thank you and great work!

Robert Sidney Baker

07:33 14 May 19

We needed a new hot water system, a new toilet, a new gas fitting and repair of some taps. The boys from Silverwater Plumbing were great. They arrived on time, quoted everything up front and the quality of the work was excellent. I will use these guys for all of our plumbing needs in the future. Thank you.

Annette Forde

08:26 10 Apr 19

Great service, very professional and efficient. They break down the costs of the service before carrying out any work so you know exactly what everything’s priced at. Highly recommended plumbing service. Would use again.

Mike T

03:29 26 Jan 19

My family discovered that we had a water leak after our water bill doubled. I searched online for a reputable local plumber and decided to go with Silverwater Plumbing after reading positive reviews on Product Review and Google. And I was not disappointed. Silver Plumbing were punctual and came with a smile. After explaining our problem, they went straight to the task and did what they needed to do. They were professional, friendly and easy to communicate with. They identified the leak and explained what they were going to do. They were confident and experienced. In terms of their pricing, it appears to be reasonable. I cannot comment on how competitive their pricing were as I did not obtain quotes from other plumbers. But for the service they provided, I would definitely consider using these guys again for future plumbing needs.

Symin Sez

21:55 23 Apr 19

Highly recommended, called them in the morning & they came that morning. Extremely professional over the phone & in person, they provide breakdown of pricing & wore slip on's over their shoes. 100% I'll continue to use Silverwater Plumbing 👍

oguzhakan taskun

07:19 25 Mar 19

Amazing work from Kam and his team. He priced my work upfront and it came out better than what I expected. Thank you and l will be recommending you to my friends.

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