Superb Fairy Wren pair Sydney Australia
Superb Fairy Wren
Forest Hotel, Frenchs Forest, Sydney, NSW.
5 Frenchs Forest Rd, Frenchs Forest, NSW.
dream forest
Vendo matte painting visualizzabili su www.flickr.com/photos/polimaurizio/, a 20 euro l'uno con firma e numero di serie e dimensioni originali. Per eventuali chiarimenti mi potete contattare all^ email maurizio.poli1972@libero.it. Per qualsiasi informazione contattatemi all e-mail maurizio.poli1972@libero.it New.....Matte Painting....... progetti grafici realizzati da me....!!! Piccole modifiche dell'immagine in post-produzione......!!! Ask for a preventive in my virtual shop at the site mobiliperufficio.com/Maurizio_Poli/home Richiedete un preventivo nel mio negozio virtuale al sito mobiliperufficio.com/Maurizio_Poli/home The matte painting (which can be translated with painting backgrounds) is a technique used mainly in film used to allow the representation of landscapes or places otherwise too costly or impossible to reconstruct or reach directly. Visit www.facebook.com/Maurizio-Poli-760405867422348/ Ask for a preventive in my virtual shop at the site mobiliperufficio.com/Maurizio_Poli/home Richiedete un preventico nel mio negozio virtuale al sito mobiliperufficio.com/Maurizio_Poli/home
Valente and Juma fighting...
The jaguar (Panthera onca) is a big cat, a feline in the Panthera genus, and is the only Panthera species found in the Americas. The jaguar is the third-largest feline after the tiger and the lion, and the largest and most powerful feline in the Western Hemisphere. The jaguar's present range extends from Mexico across much of Central America and south to Paraguay and northern Argentina. Apart from a known and possibly breeding population in Arizona (southeast of Tucson), the cat has largely been extirpated from the United States since the early 1900s. This spotted cat most closely resembles the leopard physically, although it is usually larger and of sturdier build and its behavioral and habitat characteristics are closer to those of the tiger. While dense rainforest is its preferred habitat, the jaguar will range across a variety of forested and open terrain. It is strongly associated with the presence of water and is notable, along with the tiger, as a feline that enjoys swimming. The jaguar is a largely solitary, stalk-and-ambush predator, and is opportunistic in prey selection. It is also an apex and keystone predator, playing an important role in stabilizing ecosystems and regulating the populations of prey species. The jaguar has an exceptionally powerful bite, even relative to the other big cats.[3] This allows it to pierce the shells of armoured reptiles[4] and to employ an unusual killing method: it bites directly through the skull of prey between the ears to deliver a fatal bite to the brain.[5] The jaguar is a near threatened species and its numbers are declining. Threats include habitat loss and fragmentation. While international trade in jaguars or their parts is prohibited, the cat is still regularly killed by humans, particularly in conflicts with ranchers and farmers in South America. Although reduced, its range remains large; given its historical distribution, the jaguar has featured prominently in the mythology of numerous indigenous American cultures, including that of the Maya and Aztec. Etymology A jaguar at the Milwaukee County Zoological GardensThe word jaguar is pronounced /ˈdʒæɡwɑr/ or, in British English, /ˈdʒæɡjuː.ər/. It comes to English from one of the Tupi-Guarani languages, presumably the Amazonian trade language Tupinambá, via Portuguese jaguar.[6] The Tupian word, yaguara "beast", sometimes translated as "dog",[7][8] is used for any carnivorous mammal.[9] The specific word for jaguar is yaguareté, with the suffix -eté meaning "real" or "true".[6][9][10] The first component of its taxonomic designation, Panthera, is Latin, from the Greek word for leopard, πάνθηρ, the type species for the genus. This has been said to derive from the παν- "all" and θήρ from θηρευτής "predator", meaning "predator of all" (animals), though this may be a folk etymology[11]—it may instead be ultimately of Sanskrit origin, from pundarikam, the Sanskrit word for "tiger".[12] Onca is the Portuguese onça, with the cedilla dropped for typographical reasons, found in English as ounce for the Snow Leopard, Uncia uncia. It derives from the Latin lyncea lynx, with the letter L confused with the definite article (Italian lonza, Old French l'once).[13] In many Central and South American countries, the cat is referred to as el tigre ("the tiger") Taxonomy The jaguar, Panthera onca, is the only extant New World member of the Panthera genus. DNA evidence shows that the lion, tiger, leopard, jaguar, snow leopard, and clouded leopard share a common ancestor and that this group is between six and ten million years old;[14] the fossil record points to the emergence of Panthera just two to 3.8 million years ago.[14][15] Phylogenetic studies generally have shown that the clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) is basal to this group.[14][16][17][18] The position of the remaining species varies between studies and is effectively unresolved. Based on morphological evidence, British zoologist Reginald Pocock concluded that the jaguar is most closely related to the leopard.[18] However, DNA evidence is inconclusive and the position of the jaguar relative to the other species varies between studies.[14][16][17][18] Fossils of extinct Panthera species, such as the European Jaguar (Panthera gombaszoegensis) and the American Lion (Panthera atrox), show characteristics of both the lion and the jaguar.[18] Analysis of jaguar mitochondrial DNA has dated the species lineage to between 280,000 and 510,000 years ago, later than suggested by fossil records.[19Geographical variation While numerous subspecies of the jaguar have been recognized, recent research suggests just three. Geographical barriers, such as the Amazon river, limit gene flow within the species.The last taxonomic delineation of the jaguar subspecies was performed by Pocock in 1939. Based on geographic origins and skull morphology, he recognized eight subspecies. However, he did not have access to sufficient specimens to critically evaluate all subspecies, and he expressed doubt about the status of several. Later consideration of his work suggested only three subspecies should be recognized.[20] Recent studies have also failed to find evidence for well defined subspecies, and are no longer recognized.[21] Larson (1997) studied the morphological variation in the jaguar and showed that there is clinal north–south variation, but also that the differentiation within the supposed subspecies is larger than that between them and thus does not warrant subspecies subdivision.[22] A genetic study by Eizirik and coworkers in 2001 confirmed the absence of a clear geographical subspecies structure, although they found that major geographical barriers such as the Amazon River limited the exchange of genes between the different populations.[19] A subsequent, more detailed, study confirmed the predicted population structure within the Colombian jaguars.[23] Pocock's subspecies divisions are still regularly listed in general descriptions of the cat.[24] Seymour grouped these in three subspecies.[20] Panthera onca onca: Venezuela through the Amazon, including P. onca peruviana (Peruvian Jaguar): Coastal Peru P. onca hernandesii (Mexican Jaguar): Western Mexico – including P. onca centralis (Central American Jaguar): El Salvador to Colombia P. onca arizonensis (Arizonan Jaguar): Southern Arizona to Sonora, Mexico P. onca veraecrucis: Central Texas to Southeastern Mexico P. onca goldmani (Goldman's Jaguar): Yucatán Peninsula to Belize and Guatemala P. onca palustris (the largest subspecies, weighing more than 135 kg or 300 lb):[25] The Pantanal regions of Mato Grosso & Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, along the Paraguay River into Paraguay and northeastern Argentina. Physical characteristics The jaguar is a compact and well-muscled animal. There are significant variations in size and weight: weights are normally in the range of 56–96 kilograms (124–211 lb). Larger males have been recorded at 160 kilograms (350 lb)[26] (roughly matching a tigress or lioness), and smaller ones have extremely low weights of 36 kilograms (80 lb). Females are typically 10–20% smaller than males. The length of the cat varies from 1.62–1.83 metres (5.3–6 ft), and its tail may add a further 75 centimeters (30 in). It stands about 67–76 centimeters (27–30 in) tall at the shoulders.[27] The head of the jaguar is robust and the jaw extremely powerful. The size of jaguars tends to increase the farther south they are located. Jaguar skull and jawboneFurther variations in size have been observed across regions and habitats, with size tending to increase from the north to south. A study of the jaguar in the Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve on the Mexican Pacific coast, showed ranges of just 30–50 kilograms (66–110 lb), about the size of the cougar.[28] By contrast, a study of the Jaguar in the Brazilian Pantanal region found average weights of 100 kilograms (220 lb) and weights of 300 lb or more are not uncommon in old males.[29] Forest jaguars are frequently darker and considerably smaller than those found in open areas (the Pantanal is an open wetland basin), possibly due to the smaller numbers of large herbivorous prey in forest areas.[30] A short and stocky limb structure makes the jaguar adept at climbing, crawling and swimming.[27] The head is robust and the jaw extremely powerful. The jaguar has the strongest bite of all felids capable of biting down with 2000 lbs of force twice the strength of a lion, and the second strongest of all mammals after the spotted hyena; this strength is an adaptation that allows the jaguar to pierce turtle shells.[4] A comparative study of bite force adjusted for body size ranked it as the top felid, alongside the clouded leopard and ahead of the lion and tiger.[31] It has been reported that "an individual jaguar can drag a 360 kg (800 lb) bull 8 m (25 ft) in its jaws and pulverize the heaviest bones".[32] The jaguar hunts wild animals weighing up to 300 kilograms (660 lb) in dense jungle, and its short and sturdy physique is thus an adaptation to its prey and environment. A melanistic jaguar. Melanism is the result of a dominant allele but remains relatively rare in jaguars.The base coat of the jaguar is generally a tawny yellow, but can range to reddish-brown and black. The cat is covered in rosettes for camouflage in its jungle habitat. The spots vary over individual coats and between individual Jaguars: rosettes may include one or several dots, and the shape of the dots varies. The spots on the head and neck are generally solid, as are those on the tail, where they may merge to form a band. The underbelly, throat and outer surface of the legs and lower flanks are white.[27] A condition known as melanism occurs in the species. The melanistic form is less common than the spotted form (it occurs at about six percent of the population)[33] of jaguars and is the result of a dominant allele.[34] Jaguars with melanism appear entirely black, although their spots are still visible on close examination. Melanistic Jaguars are informally known as black panthers, but do not form a separate species. Rare albino individuals, sometimes called white panthers, also occur among jaguars, as with the other big cats.[30] While the jaguar closely resembles the leopard, it is sturdier and heavier, and the two animals can be distinguished by their rosettes: the rosettes on a jaguar's coat are larger, fewer in number, usually darker, and have thicker lines and small spots in the middle that the leopard lacks. Jaguars also have rounder heads and shorter, stockier limbs compared to leopards.[35 [edit] Reproduction and life cycle Jaguar females reach sexual maturity at about two years of age, and males at three or four. The cat is believed to mate throughout the year in the wild, although births may increase when prey is plentiful.[36] Research on captive male jaguars supports the year-round mating hypothesis, with no seasonal variation in semen traits and ejaculatory quality; low reproductive success has also been observed in captivity.[37] Female estrous is 6–17 days out of a full 37-day cycle, and females will advertise fertility with urinary scent marks and increased vocalization.[36] Both sexes will range more widely than usual during courtship. Mother about to pick up a cub by the neckMating pairs separate after the act, and females provide all parenting. The gestation period lasts 93–105 days; females give birth to up to four cubs, and most commonly to two. The mother will not tolerate the presence of males after the birth of cubs, given a risk of infanticide; this behaviour is also found in the tiger.[38] The young are born blind, gaining sight after two weeks. Cubs are weaned at three months but remain in the birth den for six months before leaving to accompany their mother on hunts.[39] They will continue in their mother's company for one to two years before leaving to establish a territory for themselves. Young males are at first nomadic, jostling with their older counterparts until they succeed in claiming a territory. Typical lifespan in the wild is estimated at around 12–15 years; in captivity, the jaguar lives up to 23 years, placing it among the longest-lived cats.[29] Social activity Like most cats, the jaguar is solitary outside mother-cub groups. Adults generally meet only to court and mate (though limited non-courting socialization has been observed anecdotally[38]) and carve out large territories for themselves. Female territories, which range from 25 to 40 square kilometers in size, may overlap, but the animals generally avoid one another. Male ranges cover roughly twice as much area, varying in size with the availability of game and space, and do not overlap.[38][40] The jaguar uses scrape marks, urine, and feces to mark its territory.[41] Like the other big cats, the jaguar is capable of roaring (the male more powerfully) and does so to warn territorial and mating competitors away; intensive bouts of counter-calling between individuals have been observed in the wild.[42] Their roar often resembles a repetitive cough, and they may also vocalize mews and grunts.[29] Mating fights between males occur, but are rare, and aggression avoidance behaviour has been observed in the wild.[41] When it occurs, conflict is typically over territory: a male's range may encompass that of two or three females, and he will not tolerate intrusions by other adult males.[38] The jaguar is often described as nocturnal, but is more specifically crepuscular (peak activity around dawn and dusk). Both sexes hunt, but males travel further each day than females, befitting their larger territories. The jaguar may hunt during the day if game is available and is a relatively energetic feline, spending as much as 50–60% of its time active.[30] The jaguar's elusive nature and the inaccessibility of much of its preferred habitat make it a difficult animal to sight, let alone study. Hunting and diet Illustration of a jaguar battling a boa constrictor Illustration of a jaguar killing a tapirLike all cats, the jaguar is an obligate carnivore, feeding only on meat. It is an opportunistic hunter and its diet encompasses 87 species.[30] The jaguar prefers large prey and will take adult caiman, deer, capybara, tapirs, peccaries, dogs, foxes, and sometimes even anacondas . However, the cat will eat any small species that can be caught, including frogs, mice, birds, fish, sloths, monkeys, and turtles; a study conducted in Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary in Belize, for example, revealed that jaguars there had a diet that consisted primarily of armadillos and pacas.[41] Some jaguars will also take domestic livestock, including adult cattle and horses.[43] The jaguar has an exceptionally powerful bite, even relative to the other big cats. It is an adaptation that allows it to pierce the shells of armoured reptiles.While the jaguar employs the deep-throat bite-and-suffocation technique typical among Panthera, it prefers a killing method unique amongst cats: it pierces directly through the temporal bones of the skull between the ears of prey (especially the Capybara) with its canine teeth, piercing the brain.[44] This may be an adaptation to "cracking open" turtle shells; following the late Pleistocene extinctions, armoured reptiles such as turtles would have formed an abundant prey base for the jaguar.[30][42] The skull bite is employed with mammals in particular; with reptiles such as caiman, the jaguar may leap on to the back of the prey and sever the cervical vertebrae, immobilizing the target. While capable of cracking turtle shells, the jaguar may simply reach into the shell and scoop out the flesh.[38] With prey such as smaller dogs, a paw swipe to the skull may be sufficient in killing it. The jaguar is a stalk-and-ambush rather than a chase predator. The cat will walk slowly down forest paths, listening for and stalking prey before rushing or ambushing. The jaguar attacks from cover and usually from a target's blind spot with a quick pounce; the species' ambushing abilities are considered nearly peerless in the animal kingdom by both indigenous people and field researchers, and are probably a product of its role as an apex predator in several different environments. The ambush may include leaping into water after prey, as a jaguar is quite capable of carrying a large kill while swimming; its strength is such that carcasses as large as a heifer can be hauled up a tree to avoid flood levels.[38] On killing prey, the jaguar will drag the carcass to a thicket or other secluded spot. It begins eating at the neck and chest, rather than the midsection. The heart and lungs are consumed, followed by the shoulders.[38] The daily food requirement of a 34 kilogram animal, at the extreme low end of the species' weight range, has been estimated at 1.4 kilograms.[45] For captive animals in the 50–60 kilogram range, more than 2 kilograms of meat daily is recommended.[46] In the wild, consumption is naturally more erratic; wild cats expend considerable energy in the capture and kill of prey, and may consume up to 25 kilograms of meat at one feeding, followed by periods of famine.[47] Unlike all other species in the Panthera genus, jaguars very rarely attack humans. Most of the scant cases where jaguars turn to taking a human show that the animal is either old with damaged teeth or is wounded.[48] Sometimes, if scared, jaguars in captivity may lash out at zookeepers.[49] [edit] Ecology [edit] Distribution and habitat The jaguar has been attested in the fossil record for two million years[24] and it has been an American cat since crossing the Bering Land Bridge during the Pleistocene epoch; the immediate ancestor of modern animals is Panthera onca augusta, which was larger than the contemporary cat.[23] Its present range extends from Mexico, through Central America and into South America, including much of Amazonian Brazil.[50] The countries included in this range are Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica (particularly on the Osa Peninsula), Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, United States and Venezuela. The jaguar is now extinct in El Salvador and Uruguay.[2] It occurs in the 400 km² Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary in Belize, the 5,300 km² Sian Ka'an Biosphere Reserve in Mexico, the approximately 15,000 km² Manú National Park in Peru, the approximately 26,000 km² Xingu National Park in Brazil, and numerous other reserves throughout its range. The jaguar can range across a variety of forested and open habitat, but is strongly associated with presence of water.The inclusion of the United States in the list is based on occasional sightings in the southwest, particularly in Arizona, New Mexico and Texas. In the early 1900s, the jaguar's range extended as far north as the Grand Canyon, and as far west as Southern California.[45] The jaguar is a protected species in the United States under the Endangered Species Act, which has stopped the shooting of the animal for its pelt. In 2004, wildlife officials in Arizona photographed and documented jaguars in the southern part of the state. For any permanent population to thrive, protection from killing, an adequate prey base, and connectivity with Mexican populations are essential.[51] On February 25, 2009 a 118 lb Jaguar was caught, radio-collared and released in an area southwest of Tucson, Arizona; this is farther north than had previously been expected and represents a sign that there may be a permanent breeding population of Jaguars within southern Arizona. It was later confirmed that the animal is indeed the same male individual (known as 'Macho B') that was photographed in 2004 and is now the oldest known Jaguar in the wild (approximately 15 years old.)[52] On Monday March 2, 2009, Macho B, which is the only jaguar spotted in the U.S. in more than a decade, was recaptured and euthanized after he was found to be suffering from kidney failure.[53] Completion of the United States–Mexico barrier as currently proposed will reduce the viability of any population currently residing in the United States, by reducing gene flow with Mexican populations, and prevent any further northward expansion for the species.[54] The historic range of the species included much of the southern half of the United States, and in the south extended much farther to cover most of the South American continent. In total, its northern range has receded 1,000 kilometers southward and its southern range 2,000 km northward. Ice age fossils of the jaguar, dated between 40,000 and 11,500 years ago, have been discovered in the United States, including some at an important site as far north as Missouri. Fossil evidence shows jaguars of up to 190 kg (420 lb), much larger than the contemporary average for the animal.[55] The habitat of the cat includes the rain forests of South and Central America, open, seasonally flooded wetlands, and dry grassland terrain. Of these habitats, the jaguar much prefers dense forest;[30] the cat has lost range most rapidly in regions of drier habitat, such as the Argentinian pampas, the arid grasslands of Mexico, and the southwestern United States.[2] The cat will range across tropical, subtropical, and dry deciduous forests (including, historically, oak forests in the United States). The jaguar is strongly associated with water and it often prefers to live by rivers, swamps, and in dense rainforest with thick cover for stalking prey. Jaguars have been found at elevations as high as 3,800 m, but they typically avoid montane forest and are not found in the high plateau of central Mexico or in the Andes.[30] Substantial evidence exists that there is also a colony of non-native melanistic leopards or jaguars inhabiting the rainforests around Sydney, Australia. A local report compiled statements from over 450 individuals recounting their stories of sighting large black cats in the area and confidential NSW Government documents regarding the matter proved wildlife authorities were so concerned about the big cats and the danger to humans, they commissioned an expert to catch it. The three-day hunt later failed, but ecologist Johannes J. Bauer warned: "Difficult as it seems to accept, the most likely explanation is the presence of a large, feline predator. In this area, [it is] most likely a leopard, less likely a jaguar."[56] Ecological role The adult jaguar is an apex predator, meaning that it exists at the top of its food chain and is not preyed on in the wild. The jaguar has also been termed a keystone species, as it is assumed, through controlling the population levels of prey such as herbivorous and granivorous mammals, apex felids maintain the structural integrity of forest systems.[28][57] However, accurately determining what effect species like the jaguar have on ecosystems is difficult, because data must be compared from regions where the species is absent as well as its current habitats, while controlling for the effects of human activity. It is accepted that mid-sized prey species undergo population increases in the absence of the keystone predators and it has been hypothesized that this has cascading negative effects.[58] However, field work has shown this may be natural variability and that the population increases may not be sustained. Thus, the keystone predator hypothesis is not favoured by all scientists.[59] The jaguar also has an effect on other predators. The jaguar and the cougar, the next largest feline of the Americas, are often sympatric (related species sharing overlapping territory) and have often been studied in conjunction. Where sympatric with the jaguar, the cougar is smaller than normal and is smaller than the local jaguars. The jaguar tends to take larger prey and the cougar smaller, reducing the latter's size.[60] This situation may be advantageous to the cougar. Its broader prey niche, including its ability to take smaller prey, may give it an advantage over the jaguar in human-altered landscapes;[28] while both are classified as near-threatened species, the cougar has a significantly larger current distribution. [edit] Conservation status Jaguar populations are rapidly declining. The animal is considered Near Threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources,[2] meaning it may be threatened with extinction in the near future. The loss of parts of its range, including its virtual elimination from its historic northern areas and the increasing fragmentation of the remaining range, have contributed to this status. The 1960s saw particularly significant declines, with more than 15,000 jaguar skins brought out of the Brazilian Amazon yearly; the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) of 1973 brought about a sharp decline in the pelt trade.[61] Detailed work performed under the auspices of the Wildlife Conservation Society reveal that the animal has lost 37% of its historic range, with its status unknown in an additional 18%. More encouragingly, the probability of long-term survival was considered high in 70% of its remaining range, particularly in the Amazon basin and the adjoining Gran Chaco and Pantanal.[50] The major risks to the jaguar include deforestation across its habitat, increasing competition for food with human beings,[2] poaching, hurricanes in northern parts of its range, and the behaviour of ranchers who will often kill the cat where it preys on livestock. When adapted to the prey, the jaguar has been shown to take cattle as a large portion of its diet; while land clearance for grazing is a problem for the species, the jaguar population may have increased when cattle were first introduced to South America as the animals took advantage of the new prey base. This willingness to take livestock has induced ranch owners to hire full-time jaguar hunters, and the cat is often shot on sight.[29] The Pantanal, Brazil, seen here in flood condition, is a critical jaguar range area.The jaguar is regulated as an Appendix I species under CITES: all international trade in jaguars or their parts is prohibited. All hunting of jaguars is prohibited in Argentina, Belize, Colombia, French Guiana, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Suriname, the United States (where it is listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act), Uruguay and Venezuela. Hunting of jaguars is restricted to "problem animals" in Brazil, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico and Peru, while trophy hunting is still permitted in Bolivia. The species has no legal protection in Ecuador or Guyana.[24] Current conservation efforts often focus on educating ranch owners and promoting ecotourism.[62] The jaguar is generally defined as an umbrella species — a species whose home range and habitat requirements are sufficiently broad that, if protected, numerous other species of smaller range will also be protected.[63] Umbrella species serve as "mobile links" at the landscape scale, in the jaguar's case through predation. Conservation organizations may thus focus on providing viable, connected habitat for the jaguar, with the knowledge that other species will also benefit.[62] Given the inaccessibility of much of the species' range—particularly the central Amazon—estimating jaguar numbers is difficult. Researchers typically focus on particular bioregions, and thus species-wide analysis is scant. In 1991, 600–1,000 (the highest total) were estimated to be living in Belize. A year earlier, 125–180 jaguars were estimated to be living in Mexico's 4,000 square kilometer (2400 mi²) Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, with another 350 in the state of Chiapas. The adjoining Maya Biosphere Reserve in Guatemala, with an area measuring 15,000 square kilometers (9,000 mi²), may have 465–550 animals.[64] Work employing GPS–telemetry in 2003 and 2004 found densities of only six to seven jaguars per 100 square kilometers in the critical Pantanal region, compared with 10 to 11 using traditional methods; this suggests that widely used sampling methods may inflate the actual numbers of cats.[65] On 7 January 2008 United States Fish and Wildlife Service Director H. Dale Hall approved a decision by the George W. Bush Administration to abandon jaguar recovery as a federal goal under the Endangered Species Act. Some critics of the decision said that the jaguar is being sacrificed for the government's new border fence, which is to be built along many of the cat's typical crossings between the United States and Mexico.[66] In the past, conservation of jaguars sometimes occurred through the protection of jaguar "hotspots". These hotspots were described as Jaguar Conservation Units, and were large areas populated by about 50 jaguars. However, some researchers recently determined that, in order to maintain a robust sharing of the jaguar gene pool necessary for maintaining the species, it is important that the jaguars be interconnected. To effect this, a new project, the Paseo del Jaguar, as been established to connect the jaguar hotspots.[67] Fonte-Wikipedia.
Canada Army Run 2010 "5 km" local results and photos - part C
For the 5 kilometre race results and photos...here are the local (Ottawa & area) participants -- sorted by cities and first name -- in the September 19, 2010, Canada Army Run held in Ottawa, Ontario. Click here and enter the bib numbers for the full individual race results. Race photos here. (6,760 runners in the 5 km race) Thank-you to Sportstats. Part A. Ottawa (Click here.) Part B. Other Communities (Alexandria to Navan) (Click here.) Part C. Other Communities (Nepean to Woodlawn) (see below) Part C: 10733…Adele Pontone….. Nepean 11845…Al Ruppel….. Nepean 9843…Alana Henry-Fontelio….. Nepean 11513…Alex E. Smith….. Nepean 7265…Alexander Maxwell….. Nepean 14160…Alexandra Reimer….. Nepean 10495…Alison Gotceitas….. Nepean 7963…Alison Vrckovnik….. Nepean 8610…Amy Yee….. Nepean 10100…Andrea Cook….. Nepean 8784…Andrea Copperthwaite….. Nepean 12268…Andrew Ma….. Nepean 10002…Andrew Makus….. Nepean 12672…Anezka Zlamal….. Nepean 7881…Angie Rucchetto….. Nepean 8379…Anna Passmore….. Nepean 9255…Anne Senior….. Nepean 8431…Anya Rampal….. Nepean 14195…April Van Den Beek….. Nepean 11251…Athena Williams….. Nepean 11252…Aurora Williams….. Nepean 12931…Becky Bodnar….. Nepean 11429…Ben Cook….. Nepean 7260…Benjamin Cheng….. Nepean 12058…Bihac Mazigh….. Nepean 7023…Bob Cordukes….. Nepean 8474…Bonnie Badour….. Nepean 9476…Bonnie Gregoire….. Nepean 3991…Brent Eyre….. Nepean 12133…Brian Green….. Nepean 10848…Bronwynn Guymer….. Nepean 8660…Cathie Adeney….. Nepean 8666…Cathy Anderson….. Nepean 9909…Cecily Pantin….. Nepean 12293…Chris Brace….. Nepean 13076…Chris Cull….. Nepean 13081…Chris Daley….. Nepean 13148…Cindy Elmy….. Nepean 7972…Cindy Wendler….. Nepean 10685…Clare Beckton….. Nepean 7906…Claudio Sicoli….. Nepean 11092…Colby Wilson….. Nepean 8741…Colleen Burns….. Nepean 11446…Corinne Finlayson….. Nepean 12094…Craig Heath….. Nepean 10420…Cynthia Field -Rose….. Nepean 12722…Cynthia Sleigh-O'rourke….. Nepean 7756…D.R. Macgregor….. Nepean 11166…Daniel Cormier….. Nepean 12147…Danielle Miner….. Nepean 7262…Daphne Snelgrove….. Nepean 8042…Dave Regimbald….. Nepean 13053…David Contini….. Nepean 10170…David Daze….. Nepean 10656…Debbie Mclellan-Lepine….. Nepean 11133…Deborah Park….. Nepean 12588…Dorothy Gordon….. Nepean 10934…Drew Robertson….. Nepean 8481…Edward Drummond….. Nepean 12174…Eileen Melnick Mccarthy….. Nepean 10768…Elaine Yee….. Nepean 13368…Elana Lamesse….. Nepean 11689…Emily Devitt….. Nepean 7351…Emma Victoria Smith….. Nepean 14477…Eric Mullen….. Nepean 13827…Eric Traclet….. Nepean 9164…Erika Penno….. Nepean 9607…Erin Brennan….. Nepean 14157…Erin Purdy….. Nepean 9844…Ermin Fontelio….. Nepean 14223…Eugenio Rino….. Nepean 9486…Fannie Simard-Castonguay….. Nepean 8381…Franca Mirella….. Nepean 10328…Francine Lapointe….. Nepean 8685…Gallisedo Bae….. Nepean 7264…Gary Maxwell….. Nepean 10793…Gerry Blathwayt….. Nepean 1502…Glenn Kavanagh….. Nepean 10171…Gracie Daze….. Nepean 13529…Hana Moidu….. Nepean 9840…Heather Sutcliffe….. Nepean 9334…Heather Webb….. Nepean 12235…Hilary Allen….. Nepean 11787…Holly Karout….. Nepean 10028…Howard Godby….. Nepean 12126…Irene Yaraskavitch….. Nepean 9898…J.P. Trottier….. Nepean 9487…Jade Simard-Castonguay….. Nepean 13530…Jaleel Moidu….. Nepean 11450…James Boutin….. Nepean 12439…James Passmore….. Nepean 7170…James R. Edge….. Nepean 13061…Jan Coulis….. Nepean 11822…Janet Myers….. Nepean 10847…Jason Green….. Nepean 8032…Jean Marie Manson….. Nepean 8480…Jeff Drummond….. Nepean 12518…Jeff Harvey….. Nepean 13858…Jen Walsh….. Nepean 12391…Jennifer Bordeleau….. Nepean 8941…Jennifer Hopkinson….. Nepean 11405…Jennifer Maroun….. Nepean 9155…Jennifer Passmore….. Nepean 13883…Jennifer Williams….. Nepean 7630…Jessica Gage….. Nepean 14494…Jill Castiglione….. Nepean 11806…Jill Marchand….. Nepean 11018…Jo Ann Uline….. Nepean 8815…Joanne Denomme….. Nepean 14030…Joanne Doucet….. Nepean 8482…Jocelyn Drummond….. Nepean 11410…Joe Harvey….. Nepean 9404…Johanne Harris….. Nepean 14548…John Smith….. Nepean 12893…Jordan Beauvais….. Nepean 7519…Josh Brennan….. Nepean 11658…Judy Smith….. Nepean 7240…Julian Yang….. Nepean 12916…Julie Bennett….. Nepean 13080…Julie Dalbec….. Nepean 9081…Kaitlin Mclellan….. Nepean 1867…Karen Mullen….. Nepean 8141…Kathleen Cole….. Nepean 13051…Kathy Conlon….. Nepean 11226…Katie Squires….. Nepean 12519…Keirsten Harvey….. Nepean 7557…Keith Clark….. Nepean 7558…Kelsey Clark….. Nepean 11132…Ken Park….. Nepean 11774…Kenneth Hennessey….. Nepean 7755…Kenton Lynds….. Nepean 12626…Kevan Mackay….. Nepean 8786…Kim Corlett….. Nepean 12130…Kimberley Brigden….. Nepean 8012…Kirk Lynds….. Nepean 12040…Kirsten Miller….. Nepean 11560…Kristen Grewal….. Nepean 12754…Kristina Ellement….. Nepean 7296…Kyle Gordon….. Nepean 10767…Kyle Tennant….. Nepean 7559…Laura Clark….. Nepean 7819…Laura Nichols….. Nepean 12821…Laura Peckett….. Nepean 8374…Leisa Villeneuve….. Nepean 8802…Leslie Da Silva….. Nepean 9642…Lien Ha….. Nepean 10023…Linda Billyard….. Nepean 8986…Linda Koenders….. Nepean 11946…Linda Mckay….. Nepean 9283…Linda Swaffield….. Nepean 8162…Lisa Marie Bambrick….. Nepean 10295…Lisa Piers….. Nepean 9592…Louise Desjardins….. Nepean 13609…Lucas Perkins….. Nepean 7208…Luke Harvey….. Nepean 10106…Lydia Walker….. Nepean 9228…Lynda Rozon….. Nepean 12213…Lynn Hannah….. Nepean 13758…Lynn Smith….. Nepean 12236…Mackenzie Allen….. Nepean 8812…Mamta Deecker….. Nepean 8792…Marcy Craig….. Nepean 9854…Margaret O'brien….. Nepean 8972…Margaret-Ann Kellett….. Nepean 9803…Marianna Burch….. Nepean 14323…Marie Bulmer….. Nepean 12328…Marie Noreau….. Nepean 9350…Marie Yelle-Whitwam….. Nepean 11096…Marilyn Booth….. Nepean 14251…Marion Dare….. Nepean 8910…Mark Hache….. Nepean 10764…Martine Proulx….. Nepean 11687…Mary Devitt….. Nepean 14120…Mary-Kaye Mcgreevy….. Nepean 13819…Matthew Threader….. Nepean 7207…Megan Harvey….. Nepean 11549…Melanie Boudreau….. Nepean 14029…Melanie Dompierre….. Nepean 14261…Melanie Gibbons….. Nepean 8864…Melissa Fisher….. Nepean 7140…Michael Burch….. Nepean 7261…Michael Cheng….. Nepean 11896…Michael Teeple….. Nepean 7973…Michael Wendler….. Nepean 12958…Michelle Bray….. Nepean 11416…Mike Trottier….. Nepean 11911…Mimi Hadi-Kho….. Nepean 10062…Mina Rampal….. Nepean 8740…Miriam Burke….. Nepean 10935…Mishele Robertson….. Nepean 6509…Momodou Loum….. Nepean 7014…Monique Cordukes….. Nepean 13559…Natalie Sharp….. Nepean 12773…Natasha Yee….. Nepean 7947…Nathan Toft….. Nepean 7689…Ning Huang….. Nepean 8901…Paige Graham….. Nepean 11076…Parto Navidi….. Nepean 7356…Patrick Nicholas Smith….. Nepean 10151…Patrick Walsh….. Nepean 13197…Paul Gauthier….. Nepean 7292…Paul Romano….. Nepean 7038…Paula Noyes….. Nepean 9655…Peggy Bradford….. Nepean 13790…Pierre St-Pierre….. Nepean 10448…Ralph Mahar….. Nepean 10154…Ram Bickram….. Nepean 10496…Ray Gotceitas….. Nepean 14317…Raymond Tsang….. Nepean 10183…Reid Zandbelt….. Nepean 12078…Rena Itan….. Nepean 12892…Rhonda Beauregard….. Nepean 13085…Richard Dare….. Nepean 7578…Richard Dault….. Nepean 13198…Rob Gauthier….. Nepean 9402…Rob Harris….. Nepean 7729…Robert Langlois….. Nepean 14516…Robert Lee….. Nepean 294…Roberto Palmero….. Nepean 9122…Rod Myers….. Nepean 7908…Roger Skidmore….. Nepean 7928…Rowan Stringer….. Nepean 12381…Roy Thomas….. Nepean 12842…Sabeena Abdulmajeed….. Nepean 10105…Sadie Walker….. Nepean 13809…Sajan Thankachan….. Nepean 10099…Sam Cook….. Nepean 11541…Samara Peters….. Nepean 7022…Samer Forzley….. Nepean 8708…Sandra Binkley….. Nepean 11393…Sandy Andrews….. Nepean 10755…Sarah Gardam….. Nepean 7206…Sarah Harvey….. Nepean 9077…Sarah Mcisaac….. Nepean 9856…Scott Kennedy….. Nepean 10104…Scott Walker….. Nepean 9604…Shane Brennan….. Nepean 13369…Shane Lamesse….. Nepean 12438…Shannon Passmore….. Nepean 10598…Sharon Leonard….. Nepean 8974…Shawna Kelly….. Nepean 13810…Sheryl Theal….. Nepean 7414…Simon Kou….. Nepean 13901…Simon Xie….. Nepean 14324…Siobhan Bulmer….. Nepean 11358…Sokoeun Sreng….. Nepean 11333…Sonya Driscoll….. Nepean 11835…Sophia Ramirez-Hennessey….. Nepean 11374…Stefanie Burch….. Nepean 14567…Stephanie Dunne….. Nepean 13760…Stephen Smith….. Nepean 12526…Steve Camilucci….. Nepean 8281…Steven Leonard….. Nepean 7306…Susan Bickram….. Nepean 11723…Susan Carter….. Nepean 8139…Susan White….. Nepean 12300…Suzanne Judd….. Nepean 12565…Taemin Ha….. Nepean 12006…Tammy Delaney….. Nepean 9606…Tammy Harris….. Nepean 9358…Tanya Churchill….. Nepean 7912…Tanya Snook….. Nepean 12287…Teresa Scrivens….. Nepean 9839…Theo Tsang….. Nepean 8386…Thomas Lepine….. Nepean 10595…Thomas Williams….. Nepean 8886…Tina Garbas-Tyrrell….. Nepean 9232…Tina Ryan….. Nepean 13835…Tom Trueman….. Nepean 11430…Tony Cook….. Nepean 11091…Tracey Wilson….. Nepean 7964…Trevor Vrckovnik….. Nepean 14136…Trish Munro….. Nepean 9137…Trishia Ogilvie….. Nepean 9449…Tyler Young….. Nepean 11799…Vivianne Leguerrier….. Nepean 12772…Wayne Yee….. Nepean 9156…Wendy Patenaude….. Nepean 13820…Wendy Threader….. Nepean 9930…Yanika Gauthier….. Nepean 13767…Yupin Spatling….. Nepean 11164…Yvonne Dumont….. Nepean 13370…Zac Lamesse….. Nepean 9261…Zoe Sjolund….. Nepean 7922…Angie Stevenson….. North Gower 8503…Ashley Robinson….. North Gower 10715…Georgia Robinson….. North Gower 12567…Janet Johnston-Vineyard….. North Gower 11683…Julie Poirier….. North Gower 7291…Kim Paley….. North Gower 10827…Marie Dowden….. North Gower 7169…Mark Parry….. North Gower 12566…Mitch Vineyard….. North Gower 10878…Nicole Komendat….. North Gower 8924…Pam Harrison….. North Gower 11684…Rick Poirier….. North Gower 10932…Ronnie Richardson….. North Gower 8909…Susan Gutwin….. North Gower 13785…Tim Stevenson….. North Gower 12092…Vicki Brown….. North Gower 14326…Aaron Derouin….. Orleans 14596…Adam Menzies….. Orleans 11001…Adina Turner….. Orleans 8214…Adrian Fyfe….. Orleans 10279…Aguilar Julio….. Orleans 11131…Ainsley Howard….. Orleans 11387…Alain Beaulieu….. Orleans 11129…Alan Howard….. Orleans 9262…Alan Smith….. Orleans 10930…Alex Renwick….. Orleans 14578…Alexander Overton….. Orleans 9139…Alexis O'bryan….. Orleans 14276…Algis Danaitis….. Orleans 12913…Alison Bennett….. Orleans 11625…Allison Gordon….. Orleans 9771…Alvin Szeto….. Orleans 12743…Amanda Bower….. Orleans 12571…Amanda Daluz….. Orleans 8103…Amanda Hope….. Orleans 13763…Amanda Soule….. Orleans 7623…Amelie Flanagan….. Orleans 8537…Amy Cameron….. Orleans 7091…Andrew Cormack….. Orleans 9249…Andrew Scarlett….. Orleans 13863…Andrew Warden….. Orleans 8544…Angela Maxwell….. Orleans 9292…Anick Taverna….. Orleans 12655…Anik Corbeil….. Orleans 9293…Anita Taylor….. Orleans 13133…Annabelle Dube….. Orleans 10887…Anne Lemay….. Orleans 8534…Anneliese Myers….. Orleans 11811…Annemarie Mccormick….. Orleans 9684…Anne-Marie Ranger….. Orleans 9223…Annik Rouse….. Orleans 13624…Anthony Pickett….. Orleans 11187…Anthony Williamson….. Orleans 11639…Arthur Mckenzie….. Orleans 11637…Arthur Mckenzie….. Orleans 13964…Ashley Arbour….. Orleans 12223…Ashley Beaton….. Orleans 11709…Barbara Bourke….. Orleans 7825…Barbara Oattes….. Orleans 7285…Ben Richard….. Orleans 8632…Bennett Dave….. Orleans 7035…Benoit Cadieux….. Orleans 10854…Bernie Hasselman….. Orleans 8926…Beverley Hatt….. Orleans 7680…Beverley Holden….. Orleans 7786…Bill Meek….. Orleans 13965…Blake Arbour….. Orleans 7767…Bonita Martin….. Orleans 8148…Brenda Cavanagh….. Orleans 7644…Brenda Gosselin….. Orleans 11800…Brenda Leury….. Orleans 13569…Brian Newlove….. Orleans 9857…Brigitte Benay….. Orleans 8718…Brigitte Bourre….. Orleans 10459…Bruce Brunelle….. Orleans 14281…Camelia Touzany….. Orleans 12544…Carl Kletke….. Orleans 11742…Carla De Koning….. Orleans 11765…Carly Gordon….. Orleans 10855…Carly Hasselman….. Orleans 9247…Carmela Savoia….. Orleans 11504…Carmen Foglietta….. Orleans 8048…Carol Daigle….. Orleans 12383…Carol Huot….. Orleans 9665…Carol Moule….. Orleans 11188…Carol Williamson….. Orleans 7634…Carole Gaudes….. Orleans 9756…Caroline Tessier….. Orleans 11983…Chelsea Hughes….. Orleans 13864…Chelsea Warden….. Orleans 12719…Chris Michael….. Orleans 13570…Chris Newlove….. Orleans 11097…Christa Faehndrich….. Orleans 9554…Christina Jahraus….. Orleans 10720…Christina Walker….. Orleans 8751…Christine Casey….. Orleans 9250…Christine Scarlett….. Orleans 9196…Cindy Reid….. Orleans 13040…Clairette Clement….. Orleans 11934…Corey Bursey….. Orleans 14471…Dakota Chamberlain….. Orleans 7184…Danie Michaud….. Orleans 9926…Daniel Bradley….. Orleans 9577…Daniel Quimper….. Orleans 12560…Danielle Richardson….. Orleans 7971…Darlene Welch….. Orleans 9879…Dave Byrne….. Orleans 11894…Dave King….. Orleans 9471…David Ball….. Orleans 9680…David Gee….. Orleans 13386…David Lawrence….. Orleans 13764…David Soule….. Orleans 7982…David Young….. Orleans 8626…Deanna Masur….. Orleans 10835…Deanne Farley….. Orleans 14230…Deanne Mclintock….. Orleans 14252…Debbie Landry….. Orleans 10929…Denis Raymond….. Orleans 10317…Dennis Lloyd….. Orleans 9021…Diane Levesque….. Orleans 7573…Dominique Cusson….. Orleans 11382…Donald Darrell….. Orleans 8975…Donald Kennedy….. Orleans 12226…Doreen Murray….. Orleans 13305…Earl Jared….. Orleans 8763…Edith Chartrand….. Orleans 9509…Edith Gibeault….. Orleans 8550…Elan Graves….. Orleans 10786…Elizabeth Bachand….. Orleans 13765…Emma Soule….. Orleans 7157…Eric Bourbonnais….. Orleans 8360…Eric Christensen….. Orleans 10266…Eric Drouin….. Orleans 12091…Eric Gay….. Orleans 9567…Erica Dixon….. Orleans 7853…Erik Poapst….. Orleans 11443…Ethel Best….. Orleans 11834…Farhana Rahman….. Orleans 9049…Faye Magne….. Orleans 11000…Feyah Turner….. Orleans 12633…France Gagnon….. Orleans 13880…Frederick Whichelo….. Orleans 8213…Fyfe Will….. Orleans 12704…Gabriel Rousseau….. Orleans 14012…Gail Cote….. Orleans 10528…Garrett Fiander….. Orleans 9797…Genevieve Beliveau….. Orleans 12175…George Cormack….. Orleans 12325…Georges Rousseau….. Orleans 14000…Gerry Champagne….. Orleans 9663…Gilles Berger….. Orleans 13647…Gilles Pouliot….. Orleans 10916…Gisele Montgomery….. Orleans 13687…Gisele Rivest….. Orleans 9571…Gorden Cavanagh….. Orleans 9798…Greg Beliveau….. Orleans 13360…Greg Lacroix….. Orleans 8568…Gregory Burt….. Orleans 12061…Gregory Villeneuve….. Orleans 12869…Guy Armstrong….. Orleans 10246…Harold O'connell….. Orleans 7483…Heather Barr….. Orleans 12415…Heather Lloyd….. Orleans 9535…Heather Mcintosh….. Orleans 13766…Heather Soule….. Orleans 14470…Helene Boyer….. Orleans 11796…Henri Lanctot….. Orleans 7981…Ian Yokota….. Orleans 8049…Irvin Daigle….. Orleans 8357…Isabelle Lapierre….. Orleans 9397…Jacinthe Laliberte….. Orleans 8671…Jackie Anton….. Orleans 11807…Jacob Matthews….. Orleans 10084…Jacques Gagne….. Orleans 11594…James Gan….. Orleans 8768…Janice Christensen….. Orleans 11120…Janice Mcintyre….. Orleans 12194…Jannine Moreau….. Orleans 7191…Jason Sinkus….. Orleans 11891…Jean-Pierre Dufour….. Orleans 12332…Jennifer Brisson….. Orleans 8448…Jennifer Buffam….. Orleans 7667…Jennifer Hausman….. Orleans 8981…Jennifer King….. Orleans 7924…Jennifer Stewart….. Orleans 14001…Jessica Champagne….. Orleans 10694…Jessica Danforth….. Orleans 9193…Joan Rajotte….. Orleans 14351…Joanna Streppa….. Orleans 12103…Jo-Anne Matheson….. Orleans 9116…Joanne Mulligan….. Orleans 13911…Joel Bergeron….. Orleans 9516…Johanne Stuart….. Orleans 12422…John Kernick….. Orleans 14089…John Learned….. Orleans 13491…John Mcgregor….. Orleans 14597…John Menzies….. Orleans 9140…John O'bryan….. Orleans 9251…John Scarlett….. Orleans 7939…John Tennant….. Orleans 7959…John Vice….. Orleans 7299…Jonathan Favre….. Orleans 14283…Jonathan Montreuil….. Orleans 9517…Jordi Stuart….. Orleans 11638…Josee Cote….. Orleans 11476…Josee Deleseleuc….. Orleans 11152…Josee Sarazin….. Orleans 12871…Josie Armstrong….. Orleans 12368…Julie Arsenault….. Orleans 11137…Julie Johnson….. Orleans 9248…Julie Savoie….. Orleans 9141…Justin O'bryan….. Orleans 11167…Karianne Lefebvre….. Orleans 8982…Karyl King….. Orleans 8127…Katharina Menduni….. Orleans 10469…Katherine Kurtossy….. Orleans 12716…Kathleen Michael….. Orleans 8692…Kathryn Barr….. Orleans 12308…Katie Williams….. Orleans 7744…Kayla Licari….. Orleans 11772…Kelly Haynes….. Orleans 12718…Kelly Michael….. Orleans 9519…Kelsey Teague….. Orleans 10814…Kenneth Crane….. Orleans 11066…Kenneth Gray….. Orleans 12756…Kevin O'keefe….. Orleans 12564…Kevin Riendeau….. Orleans 10758…Kim Carrier….. Orleans 9075…Kim Mcgowan….. Orleans 14010…Krista Cooper….. Orleans 7317…Kristen Ward….. Orleans 14238…Kyle Thebault….. Orleans 9618…Kylie Rozon….. Orleans 8449…Laura Buffam….. Orleans 8167…Laura St-Pierre….. Orleans 9351…Laura Yokota-Savoia….. Orleans 7051…Lauren Devereux….. Orleans 10556…Laurie Mack….. Orleans 12090…Lesley Gay….. Orleans 8952…Leslie Hurry….. Orleans 14074…Leslie Katz….. Orleans 8747…Lili Caron….. Orleans 14370…Linda Brunet….. Orleans 12072…Linda Dupuis….. Orleans 9300…Lindsay Toll….. Orleans 13860…Lindsay Walthert….. Orleans 13999…Lisa Carozza….. Orleans 9083…Lisa Meek….. Orleans 12198…Lisa St-Amour….. Orleans 12102…Lise Dixon….. Orleans 9213…Lloyd Rockburn….. Orleans 7018…Lorne Schmidt….. Orleans 9214…Louise Rockburn….. Orleans 13761…Louise Soloski….. Orleans 8215…Luc Nadon….. Orleans 9163…Luc Pedneault….. Orleans 10761…Lucie Houle….. Orleans 7222…Lucien Bedard….. Orleans 7804…Lynda Muirhead….. Orleans 13196…M Gauthier….. Orleans 11121…Malcolm Mcintyre….. Orleans 7960…Manon Virag….. Orleans 8523…Marc Desforges….. Orleans 7501…Marc-Andre Blanke….. Orleans 11695…Marg Zens….. Orleans 7686…Maria Hotston….. Orleans 13468…Maria Perron….. Orleans 9620…Mark Deschamps….. Orleans 12717…Mark Michael….. Orleans 11400…Mark Price….. Orleans 7653…Marquis Hainse….. Orleans 9527…Martine Gagnon….. Orleans 8105…Mary Anne Gillespie….. Orleans 12568…Mary Jane Daluz….. Orleans 8823…Mathieu Dion….. Orleans 14048…Mathieu Gill….. Orleans 14278…Matt Boivin….. Orleans 8211…Matt Fyfe….. Orleans 12872…Matthew Armstrong….. Orleans 11014…Matthew Mckay….. Orleans 14579…Matthew Overton….. Orleans 9252…Matthew Scarlett….. Orleans 9635…Matthew Walthert….. Orleans 12326…Maureen Brennan-Rousseau….. Orleans 8478…Maureen Lamothe….. Orleans 8907…Max Guenette….. Orleans 7474…Megan Apostoleris….. Orleans 9294…Megan Taylor….. Orleans 7524…Michael Brown….. Orleans 13306…Michael Jared….. Orleans 9636…Michael Kampman….. Orleans 13705…Michael Roome….. Orleans 8824…Michel Dion….. Orleans 10957…Michel St Denis….. Orleans 10702…Michelle Best….. Orleans 12206…Michelle Maheux….. Orleans 11136…Mike Johnson….. Orleans 10742…Ming Tung….. Orleans 9088…Mireille Mikhael….. Orleans 10859…Monica Henderson….. Orleans 9772…Monique Goyette….. Orleans 7687…Morgan Hotston….. Orleans 7666…Murray Hatt….. Orleans 8816…Natalie Deschamps….. Orleans 13361…Natascha Lacroix….. Orleans 7736…Natasshia Lee….. Orleans 11065…Nathalie Laroche….. Orleans 9212…Nathalie Rochon….. Orleans 9415…Nerehis Tzivanopolous….. Orleans 9957…Nicolas Ducharme….. Orleans 8674…Nicole Arbic….. Orleans 11214…Nicole Lalonde….. Orleans 10757…Norman May….. Orleans 11672…Olivier Lavictoire….. Orleans 9723…Pamela Lavallee….. Orleans 11673…Patrice Lavictoire….. Orleans 11294…Patrick Grenier….. Orleans 9019…Patrick Levasseur….. Orleans 11572…Patrick Mcvarnock….. Orleans 12765…Patrick Sarda….. Orleans 14591…Paul Mcdonough….. Orleans 10760…Paul Walker….. Orleans 12508…Pauline Giese….. Orleans 13913…Peter Blier….. Orleans 10433…Peter Devlin….. Orleans 14130…Philippe Milot….. Orleans 8761…Pierre Charron….. Orleans 12738…Pierre Huet….. Orleans 11293…Pierrette Grenier….. Orleans 8450…Rachel Buffam….. Orleans 9722…Rachel Lessard….. Orleans 10893…Rachel Mac Duff….. Orleans 8583…Rafael Huet….. Orleans 12528…Randy Buffam….. Orleans 11151…Randy Lahaise….. Orleans 8348…Raymond Mcinnis….. Orleans 12623…Raymond Ouimet….. Orleans 10143…Rebeca Shaw….. Orleans 9518…Rebecca Teague….. Orleans 11272…Remika Gautam….. Orleans 10810…Renelle Cloutier….. Orleans 11653…Richard Purves….. Orleans 12113…Richard Tremblay….. Orleans 10924…Rita Paul….. Orleans 9320…Rob Vice….. Orleans 10815…Robbie Crane….. Orleans 9782…Robert Blasutti….. Orleans 9647…Robert Downey….. Orleans 11168…Robert Jr Lefebvre….. Orleans 11820…Robert Morin….. Orleans 11982…Robert Patchett….. Orleans 7907…Robert Simard….. Orleans 11881…Robin Whitford….. Orleans 7054…Robyn Macdonald….. Orleans 13998…Roger Butt….. Orleans 13586…Ron Orien….. Orleans 9454…Roy Maclellan….. Orleans 14449…Sandy Clark….. Orleans 12414…Sandy Jones….. Orleans 9352…Sara Yokota-Savoia….. Orleans 7712…Scott King….. Orleans 9439…Sean Patchett….. Orleans 14158…Sesha Rabideau….. Orleans 10999…Shaily Turner….. Orleans 12947…Shanna Boutilier….. Orleans 10364…Shannon Snider….. Orleans 7287…Shawn Hohenkirk….. Orleans 8533…Shawn Myers….. Orleans 14469…Shayne Chamberlain….. Orleans 9218…Shirley Rogers….. Orleans 8730…Stacey Brisebois….. Orleans 10766…Stacy Taylor….. Orleans 7182…Stephan Lemaire….. Orleans 11228…Stephanie Ettinger….. Orleans 12141…Stephen James….. Orleans 11900…Steve Greenwood….. Orleans 7336…Steve Pelletier….. Orleans 10875…Susan Kes….. Orleans 12437…Susan Lepine….. Orleans 8117…Susan Villeneuve….. Orleans 9579…Suzanne Giguere….. Orleans 9089…Suzanne Mikkelsen….. Orleans 11130…Sydney Howard….. Orleans 14616…Sylvain Levesque….. Orleans 9972…Sylvie Daoust….. Orleans 12431…Sylvie Godbout….. Orleans 9596…Sylvie Morin….. Orleans 8536…Talia Cameron….. Orleans 13387…Talia Lawrence….. Orleans 8047…Tamiko Von Eicken….. Orleans 12024…Tammy Edwards….. Orleans 7236…Tammy Gardner….. Orleans 5841…Tanja Scharf….. Orleans 7621…Tanya Finlay….. Orleans 9166…Taylor Perron….. Orleans 9970…Tom Kannemann….. Orleans 7962…Tommy Vranas….. Orleans 10149…Tonie Lavictoire….. Orleans 10340…Tori Maclean….. Orleans 8286…Tracey Fitzpatrick….. Orleans 11349…Tracey Gibbons….. Orleans 7654…Traci Hainse….. Orleans 8619…Tracy Rizok….. Orleans 10527…Travis Fiander….. Orleans 13808…Tristan Tessier….. Orleans 8672…Val Anton….. Orleans 9639…Valerie Beauchesne….. Orleans 13362…Valerie Ladouceur….. Orleans 9661…Valerie Marcil….. Orleans 12682…Valerie O'connell….. Orleans 12320…Vanessa Sanger….. Orleans 11877…Venise Volodarsky….. Orleans 13400…Veronik Leblanc….. Orleans 7583…Veronique Daviault….. Orleans 10568…Vicki Aubin….. Orleans 10132…Vince Daluz….. Orleans 11778…Wendy Hickson….. Orleans 11847…Wendy Ruthven….. Orleans 8873…Wyn Fournier….. Orleans 9237…Xavier Saindon….. Orleans 13595…Yvonne Parsons….. Orleans 12155…Zachary St-Pierre….. Orleans 14285…Zack Hazledine….. Orleans 11808…Zoe Matthews….. Orleans 7779…Didi Mclean….. Oxford Mills 8868…Jana Ford….. Oxford Mills 12796…Julie Shephard….. Oxford Mills 8933…Kim Hennessy….. Oxford Mills 12783…Leia Richards….. Oxford Mills 13324…Marvin Kealey….. Oxford Mills 10641…Nadia Diakun-Thibault….. Oxford Mills 10347…Robert Lachance….. Oxford Mills 14619…Aida Izquierdo….. Pembroke 9041…Alanna Macgregor….. Pembroke 14622…Amanda Sykes….. Pembroke 10393…Amelia Gallant….. Pembroke 10499…Bernadette Demong….. Pembroke 13176…Brian Fraser….. Pembroke 10389…Chantal Gallant….. Pembroke 10778…Cheryl Gallant….. Pembroke 12346…Chichi Mgbemena….. Pembroke 8435…Chuck Mathe….. Pembroke 10884…Deanna Lang….. Pembroke 13263…Derek Hebner….. Pembroke 10342…Donald Sheppard….. Pembroke 10000…Elisabelle St-Hilaire….. Pembroke 10392…Ellyse Gallant….. Pembroke 10500…Erik Fleurant….. Pembroke 10794…Ginger Boucher….. Pembroke 12592…Hilary Reiche….. Pembroke 10390…James Gallant….. Pembroke 12724…Jessica Bucci….. Pembroke 14624…John Blair….. Pembroke 14623…Jordan Blair….. Pembroke 8436…Kerry Nolan….. Pembroke 10391…Lauren Gallant….. Pembroke 10343…Lorie Sheppard….. Pembroke 12539…Lynn Carre….. Pembroke 9999…Marie-Philippe St-Hilaire….. Pembroke 12154…Melissa Jarvis….. Pembroke 10606…Michael Murphy….. Pembroke 14368…Michelle Rousselle….. Pembroke 12889…Mike Baxter….. Pembroke 13862…P Ward….. Pembroke 10209…Peter Harrington….. Pembroke 11042…Renee Fleurant….. Pembroke 10001…Ryan Bergin….. Pembroke 12775…Sherri Forward….. Pembroke 12214…Stanley Gauthier….. Pembroke 9996…Andrea Kennedy….. Perth 7433…Angela Gilbertson….. Perth 8227…Anne Marie Gallant….. Perth 12019…Ashley Murphy….. Perth 11265…Bobbi-Jo Jarvis….. Perth 11002…Charles Kirkwood….. Perth 12397…Connor Stewart….. Perth 8983…Dawn Kirkham….. Perth 12984…Derick Buffam….. Perth 11566…Georgine Elderkin….. Perth 12985…Jacob Buffam….. Perth 12398…Jim Stewart….. Perth 14219…Kayla Millar….. Perth 8617…Kelly Ireton….. Perth 8243…Kim Hazen….. Perth 9243…Lexi Saunders….. Perth 9244…Lisa Saunders….. Perth 8508…Lise Harris….. Perth 9245…Logan Saunders….. Perth 1048…Lynn Marsh….. Perth 9246…Nolan Saunders….. Perth 12866…Quattrocchi Annette….. Perth 9345…Rhonda Wright….. Perth 12939…Sharon Bothwell….. Perth 8230…Steve Gallant….. Perth 9109…Tammy Morrison….. Perth 13634…Tracy Plourde….. Perth 10478…Adele Burry….. Petawawa 12488…Amanda Prud'homme….. Petawawa 8382…Amy Christensen….. Petawawa 12832…Andrew Chan….. Petawawa 11299…Andrew Wilson….. Petawawa 13224…Angela Grandy….. Petawawa 8562…Annette Baisley….. Petawawa 10615…Bethany Hackworth….. Petawawa 11686…Bonnie Farrel….. Petawawa 10979…Brenda Willsie….. Petawawa 11069…Brian Mckay….. Petawawa 10505…Bryanna Novack….. Petawawa 7898…Caroline Seessle….. Petawawa 9372…Chico Traclet….. Petawawa 13195…Chris Gauthier….. Petawawa 12545…Chris Stewart….. Petawawa 12799…Claire Luesink….. Petawawa 12654…Clinton Vardy….. Petawawa 8228…Colleen Williams….. Petawawa 8082…Connor Chalmers-Wein….. Petawawa 13670…Cora Rennie….. Petawawa 10564…Corey Rice….. Petawawa 10014…Daniel Brissette….. Petawawa 13499…Daniel Mclaren….. Petawawa 10907…Daniel Milburn….. Petawawa 7961…Dave Vooght….. Petawawa 13219…David Gottfried….. Petawawa 13227…David Grebstad….. Petawawa 13442…Donna Macera….. Petawawa 10498…Doug Bowers….. Petawawa 8095…Emma Bowers….. Petawawa 12184…Eric Brisebois….. Petawawa 9656…Eric Jutras….. Petawawa 9770…Eric Pilon….. Petawawa 3822…Eric Roy….. Petawawa 10408…Eve Boyce….. Petawawa 9413…Fedora Lombardo….. Petawawa 13002…Gillian Campbell….. Petawawa 12991…Glen Butcher….. Petawawa 13444…Grant Macintosh….. Petawawa 13253…Greg Hatcher….. Petawawa 7043…Haley Moreau….. Petawawa 11688…Harrison Lane….. Petawawa 10094…Heather Skaling….. Petawawa 10617…Heidi Tingley….. Petawawa 10993…Heike Traclet….. Petawawa 9326…Ian Walcott….. Petawawa 10620…James Conway….. Petawawa 13225…Janessa Grandy….. Petawawa 13205…Jennifer German….. Petawawa 9453…Jeris Chalmers-Wein….. Petawawa 10684…Joann Tyrie….. Petawawa 11298…Jody Weymouth….. Petawawa 11372…Johanne Guimond….. Petawawa 8495…John Stevenson….. Petawawa 10565…Johnny Rice….. Petawawa 8592…Joseph Firlotte….. Petawawa 10670…Julianne Godard….. Petawawa 8496…Julie Stevenson….. Petawawa 12388…Kelly Brissette….. Petawawa 11081…Kelly Dove….. Petawawa 8034…Kelsey Macintosh….. Petawawa 14366…Kenneth Highsted….. Petawawa 10371…Kevin Cameron….. Petawawa 11082…Kirstyn Dove….. Petawawa 11632…Kristin De Jong….. Petawawa 12127…Lana Gillard….. Petawawa 12038…Laura Moreau….. Petawawa 10464…Leona Vance….. Petawawa 11662…Lisa Bourque….. Petawawa 12110…Lisa Fedak….. Petawawa 11049…Lucinda Vienneau….. Petawawa 10326…Marc Parent….. Petawawa 11068…Margaret Mckay….. Petawawa 8561…Mark Baisley….. Petawawa 8116…Marla Lesage….. Petawawa 8341…Marsha Robertson….. Petawawa 8600…Matthew Devine….. Petawawa 8953…Melissa Huston….. Petawawa 10410…Michael Companion….. Petawawa 12182…Michelle Brisebois….. Petawawa 8601…Molly Mcinnes Learning….. Petawawa 8229…Nick Williams….. Petawawa 12723…Nicole Laidlaw….. Petawawa 9479…Nina Di Sabatino….. Petawawa 12075…Pascale Paradis….. Petawawa 12037…Paul Moreau….. Petawawa 14605…Rich Gallant….. Petawawa 10063…Robert Mallory….. Petawawa 9090…Rodney Milburn….. Petawawa 7809…Ron Needham….. Petawawa 10497…Sam Bowers….. Petawawa 12685…Samantha Dacey….. Petawawa 9051…Sandra Majczyna….. Petawawa 13277…Scott Horodecky….. Petawawa 10683…Scott Tyrie….. Petawawa 9456…Selina Hatcher….. Petawawa 12766…Shane Learning….. Petawawa 10566…Sheldon Rice….. Petawawa 7401…Steve Buckett….. Petawawa 11984…Susan Chalmers….. Petawawa 12684…Suzanne Dacey….. Petawawa 11327…Tania Thompson….. Petawawa 13716…Tanner Rutz….. Petawawa 10332…Tiffeny Holdom….. Petawawa 13052…Todd Constantine….. Petawawa 10623…Valerie Plant….. Petawawa 12995…Vanessa Butler….. Petawawa 12524…Virginia Rich….. Petawawa 7355…Wayne Eyre….. Petawawa 13226…William Grandy….. Petawawa 12819…William Hawley….. Petawawa 10406…Angela Gauthier-Demers….. Plantagenet 8509…Annie Gauthier….. Plantagenet 8174…Carole Lapointe….. Plantagenet 13145…Debbie Elie….. Plantagenet 13101…Leo Demers….. Plantagenet 9229…Malika Rozon Sibera….. Plantagenet 13632…Christian Plante….. Pontiac 9285…Glen Swan….. Pontiac 9286…Heather Swan….. Pontiac 9287…Jane Swan….. Pontiac 9288…Janice Swan….. Pontiac 9289…Martin Swan….. Pontiac 7645…Renee Gosselin….. Pontiac 13633…Samuel Plante….. Pontiac 9290…Seamus Swan….. Pontiac 14139…Andrew Noonan….. Prescott 9845…Angela Powell….. Prescott 14140…Betty Noonan….. Prescott 12896…Chris Bedor….. Prescott 13193…Colleen Gander….. Prescott 11510…Darlene Daub….. Prescott 12897…Kim Bedor….. Prescott 11995…Leanne Crain….. Prescott 9128…Sandy Noonan….. Prescott 14141…Wayne Noonan….. Prescott 13846…Amanda Vance….. Renfrew 12915…Connor Bennett….. Renfrew 10021…Daryl Fiebig….. Renfrew 10020…Debbie Fiebig….. Renfrew 8035…Kelley Whitman….. Renfrew 14125…Lindsay Mcnulty….. Renfrew 10844…Lisa Gauthier….. Renfrew 7624…Rachel Folkema….. Renfrew 8136…Sonya Lepine….. Renfrew 14198…Adrianna Van Zeeland….. Richmond 10889…Al Lewis….. Richmond 10948…Andre Seiffert….. Richmond 8670…Barbara Annas….. Richmond 8620…Brent Macintyre….. Richmond 10318…Carl Turenne….. Richmond 12135…Carla Zylstra….. Richmond 10796…Charlene Burnside….. Richmond 14149…Christine Pepin….. Richmond 12829…Connie Bresee….. Richmond 8188…Dawn Jordon….. Richmond 10825…Deena Desson….. Richmond 11809…Diane Mayer….. Richmond 13281…Dominique Huet….. Richmond 7066…Heather Hunter….. Richmond 8306…Jamie Jordon….. Richmond 10737…Janet Moul….. Richmond 11810…Jerry Mayer….. Richmond 8256…Joe Barthelette….. Richmond 10944…Kristin Ryan….. Richmond 13240…Laura Habgood….. Richmond 12895…Lionel Bedard….. Richmond 13241…Michael Habgood….. Richmond 7598…Pierre Doiron….. Richmond 7242…Roger Crispin….. Richmond 9907…Scott Cooper….. Richmond 10890…Sean Lewis….. Richmond 7814…Sherry Newman….. Richmond 12989…Stephen Burwash….. Richmond 10891…Suzanne Lewis….. Richmond 10919…Theresa Murray….. Richmond 13550…Tom Moul….. Richmond 10381…Tony Steele….. Richmond 9175…Tracey Pick….. Richmond 10380…Wendy Steele….. Richmond 9162…Whitney Peasley….. Richmond 7358…Amanda Hebert….. Rockland 11875…Andre Vezina….. Rockland 12217…Belanna Mclean….. Rockland 10378…Braeden Roy….. Rockland 13165…Brenda Flood….. Rockland 8452…Carrie Mccoombs….. Rockland 10516…Catherine Watson….. Rockland 8314…Colene O'brien….. Rockland 8614…Connie Hadley….. Rockland 11773…Darlene Hebert….. Rockland 14418…Debbie Simms….. Rockland 14272…Emilie Deschamps….. Rockland 12993…Erika Butler….. Rockland 13854…Fran Vollhoffer….. Rockland 12379…Ghislain Veilleux….. Rockland 11755…Gisele Forest….. Rockland 10273…Guylain Ouellette….. Rockland 8313…Irene Lemaire….. Rockland 9836…Isabelle Tremblay….. Rockland 14263…Jolene Marinier….. Rockland 7980…Josanne Yelle….. Rockland 8451…Josef Mccoombs….. Rockland 12994…Karl Butler….. Rockland 11635…Michael Crabbe….. Rockland 7570…Michael Croteau….. Rockland 14419…Mitchell Simms….. Rockland 11551…Nancy Crabbe….. Rockland 14461…Nelson Lizotte….. Rockland 9386…Patricia Wright….. Rockland 12195…Pierre Archambault….. Rockland 10621…Robin Zito….. Rockland 12728…Roylana Larochelle….. Rockland 12219…Sam Mclean….. Rockland 8207…Serina K. Archambault….. ROckland 11162…Sharlene L. Archambault….. Rockland 13262…Simon Hebert….. Rockland 14421…Stephanie Simms….. Rockland 11161…Sylvie Archambault….. Rockland 12458…Tom Whelan….. Rockland 12071…Vickie Sheppard….. Rockland 12035…Donna Courchesne….. Shawville 7571…Debi Cunningham….. Smiths Falls 11452…Fabian Boone….. Smiths Falls 13512…Garry Mellan….. Smiths Falls 11717…Grace Buffam….. Smiths Falls 8690…Heather Bannon….. Smiths Falls 7532…Jen Cahill….. Smiths Falls 13517…Kat Merrells….. Smiths Falls 8707…Kim Berry….. Smiths Falls 13626…Matthew Pilon….. Smiths Falls 13317…Norma Jones-Myers….. Smiths Falls 8950…Pat Hunter Muldoon….. Smiths Falls 13067…Russell Cowan….. Smiths Falls 10638…Sheena Shilton….. Smiths Falls 8178…Stephen Wintle….. Smiths Falls 9793…Tammy Mulrooney….. Smiths Falls 13627…Tammy Pilon….. Smiths Falls 13358…Tanya Labelle….. Smiths Falls 8928…Theresa Heaslip….. Smiths Falls 8205…Alan Burgess….. South Mountain 8204…Carolyn Burgess….. South Mountain 14352…Julie Streska….. Spencerville 7220…Brian Roos….. St. Albert 12101…Kevin Rocchi….. St. Albert 8191…Lisa Bambrick….. St. Albert 13734…Patricia Sauve….. St. Albert 9354…|Jo Young….. Stittsville 8930…Aidan Heffernan….. Stittsville 11103…Alain Brazeau….. Stittsville 8352…Alyssa Endicott….. Stittsville 13896…Amanda Woodward….. Stittsville 13450…Amy Macleod….. Stittsville 8996…Annick Lafleche….. Stittsville 8289…Anthea Odai-Abaloo….. Stittsville 7884…April Sabourin….. Stittsville 10216…Bethany Roy….. Stittsville 8639…Blake Van Den Heuvel….. Stittsville 8931…Brendan Heffernan….. Stittsville 8831…Briana Downey….. Stittsville 7101…Brigitte Garvock….. Stittsville 8832…Brittney Downey….. Stittsville 13124…Bruce Donnelly….. Stittsville 9235…Caitlin Sabourin….. Stittsville 9748…Cameron Ellis….. Stittsville 12156…Carrie Brown….. Stittsville 9747…Carrie Gudgeon….. Stittsville 7510…Catherine Boucher….. Stittsville 10803…Cathy Chalmers….. Stittsville 11905…Cathy Chorniawy….. Stittsville 7834…Cathy O'neil….. Stittsville 10936…Cathy Robinson….. Stittsville 13155…Charles Falardeau….. Stittsville 14437…Chris Kurlicki….. Stittsville 13402…Chris Leger….. Stittsville 4481…Chris Stacey….. Stittsville 11275…Christiane Mendes….. Stittsville 10707…Christine Lusk….. Stittsville 11729…Claire Collis….. Stittsville 11866…Clarice Tattersall….. Stittsville 7885…Dakota Sabourin….. Stittsville 9337…Daphne Whiting….. Stittsville 9423…David Butler….. Stittsville 13488…Deb Mcgeachy….. Stittsville 12018…Denise Morrison….. Stittsville 7595…Dennis Desjardins….. Stittsville 13704…Don Rooke….. Stittsville 7886…Doug Sabourin….. Stittsville 8264…E. Roselyn Murphy….. Stittsville 9013…Elise Lavigne….. Stittsville 10708…Elizabeth Goddard….. Stittsville 14068…Eric Irons….. Stittsville 8332…Eric Kahler….. Stittsville 9482…Eric Morrison….. Stittsville 13910…Felix Belzile….. Stittsville 7548…Gerald Chamberlain….. Stittsville 12140…Grace Lachance….. Stittsville 10091…Greg Vanclief….. Stittsville 7759…Guy Macleod….. Stittsville 11274…Harold Mendes….. Stittsville 8749…Heather Carty….. Stittsville 7976…Hope Wilson….. Stittsville 14279…J.R. (Bob) Auchterlonie….. Stittsville 7061…Jason O'donnell….. Stittsville 11867…Jenna Tattersall….. Stittsville 7465…Jennifer Ailey….. Stittsville 11186…Jennifer Reid-Hudson….. Stittsville 12503…Jennifer Tschanz….. Stittsville 11109…Jerry Shelest….. Stittsville 7231…Jessica Pomeroy….. Stittsville 9555…Jody Fraser….. Stittsville 8966…Joel Kam….. Stittsville 14132…Joelle Morin….. Stittsville 8458…John Green….. Stittsville 11868…John Tattersall….. Stittsville 13884…John Williams….. Stittsville 14457…Jon Andrews….. Stittsville 9236…Judy Sabourin….. Stittsville 8044…Julia Gervais….. Stittsville 13477…Kaitlyn Mccaughan….. Stittsville 11104…Karen Dokken….. Stittsville 7366…Karen Kurlicki….. Stittsville 12262…Karin Wiens….. Stittsville 12591…Katherine Williton….. Stittsville 10101…Kelby Hamilton….. Stittsville 8833…Kevin Downey….. Stittsville 8173…Kristen Cameron….. Stittsville 4441…Kyle Mackay….. Stittsville 8560…Laura Coxworth….. Stittsville 9462…Laura Miller….. Stittsville 5825…Laurel Rosene….. Stittsville 7252…Laurie Laird….. Stittsville 13257…Liisa Hayman….. Stittsville 7258…Lisa Steele….. Stittsville 4442…Louise Mackay….. Stittsville 11185…Lucas Hudson….. Stittsville 10561…Lucas Hudson….. Stittsville 4067…Lynn Messager….. Stittsville 7877…Marc Roy….. Stittsville 13717…Marc Rydzik….. Stittsville 9045…Martha Macleod….. Stittsville 8935…Mary Herbert….. Stittsville 10682…Maryam Tangaki….. Stittsville 7479…Matt Bafia….. Stittsville 13989…Megan Ashlee Bowes….. Stittsville 8750…Meghan Carty….. Stittsville 8897…Melanie Goodfellow….. Stittsville 12261…Melissa Bouchard….. Stittsville 14270…Michaela Carella….. Stittsville 12260…Michel Bouchard….. Stittsville 9105…Michel Morin….. Stittsville 7511…Michelle Boucher….. Stittsville 11340…Michelle Endicott….. Stittsville 7668…Michelle Hay….. Stittsville 452…Moira Mcdonald….. Stittsville 7419…Nathalie Daigle….. Stittsville 7466…Nicholas Alexander….. Stittsville 10164…Peter Ennis….. Stittsville 11819…Pierre Monette….. Stittsville 10163…Rachel Ennis….. Stittsville 12108…Randal Walsh….. Stittsville 7609…Randy Dudding….. Stittsville 13166…Rene Flores….. Stittsville 10562…Renee Mcfarlane….. Stittsville 7669…Robert Hay….. Stittsville 12768…Robert Kinsman….. Stittsville 12139…Robert Lachance….. Stittsville 9510…Ruth Ann Sullivan….. Stittsville 10663…Sally Rideout….. Stittsville 13083…Sarah D'angelo….. Stittsville 8354…Savanna Endicott….. Stittsville 7790…Scott Miller….. Stittsville 13955…Shannelle Adam….. Stittsville 11395…Sheila Smith….. Stittsville 7902…Stephen Shaw….. Stittsville 13478…Steve Mccaughan….. Stittsville 9082…Steve Mcstravick….. Stittsville 4443…Stuart Mackay….. Stittsville 10607…Tania Lelievre….. Stittsville 13159…Taylor Ferris….. Stittsville 8967…Tenely Kam….. Stittsville 7480…Tim Bafia….. Stittsville 11184…Wayne Hudson….. Stittsville 12088…Wendy Fraser….. Stittsville 12899…Angelo Belanger….. Val-Des-Monts 12609…Anne Morin….. Val-Des-Monts 9924…Audrey Soucy….. Val-Des-Monts 12608…Dominik Roberge….. Val-Des-Monts 9444…Dominique Emond….. Val-Des-Monts 13539…Marc Moo Sang….. Val-Des-Monts 10305…Stefanie Moo Sang….. Val-Des-Monts 9443…Stephane Gravel….. Val-Des-Monts 7069…Yvan Dolan….. Val-Des-Monts 13380…Alison Laturnus….. Vanier 12319…Marthe Belanger….. Vanier 10418…Nicolas Fortin….. Vanier 12706…Thomas Bastien….. Vanier 10772…Michel Surprenant….. Vars 12628…Mike Kennedy….. Vars 13062…Sharon Courneyea….. Vars 12885…Sonia Barrette….. Vars 13276…Ali Hopper….. Wakefield 12699…Joanne Khouryati….. Wakefield 10310…Kerry Antonello….. White Lake 8729…Michelle Brennan….. White Lake 13252…Andrea Harrison….. Williamstown 13013…Bill Chambre….. Williamstown 13014…Cody Chambre….. Williamstown 13015…Sam Chambre….. Williamstown 8142…Christina Enright….. Winchester 10159…James Shelaga….. Winchester 9233…Marnie Rylaarsdam….. Winchester 11981…Nicole Robinson….. Winchester 9586…Ronald Harrison….. Winchester 12100…Carolyn Sandor-Weston….. Woodlawn 13458…Helen Malacrida….. Woodlawn 9853…Joanne Kumpf….. Woodlawn 12708…Michele Davey….. Woodlawn 7060…Mick Weston….. Woodlawn
Forest-2
Vendo matte painting visualizzabili su www.flickr.com/photos/polimaurizio/, a 20 euro l'uno con firma e numero di serie e dimensioni originali. Per eventuali chiarimenti mi potete contattare all^ email maurizio.poli1972@libero.it. Per qualsiasi informazione contattatemi all e-mail maurizio.poli1972@libero.it New.....Matte Painting....... progetti grafici realizzati da me....!!! Piccole modifiche dell'immagine in post-produzione......!!! Ask for a preventive in my virtual shop at the site mobiliperufficio.com/Maurizio_Poli/home Richiedete un preventivo nel mio negozio virtuale al sito mobiliperufficio.com/Maurizio_Poli/home The matte painting (which can be translated with painting backgrounds) is a technique used mainly in film used to allow the representation of landscapes or places otherwise too costly or impossible to reconstruct or reach directly. Visit www.facebook.com/Maurizio-Poli-760405867422348/ Ask for a preventive in my virtual shop at the site mobiliperufficio.com/Maurizio_Poli/home Richiedete un preventico nel mio negozio virtuale al sito mobiliperufficio.com/Maurizio_Poli/home
Forest-3
Vendo matte painting visualizzabili su www.flickr.com/photos/polimaurizio/, a 20 euro l'uno con firma e numero di serie e dimensioni originali. Per eventuali chiarimenti mi potete contattare all^ email maurizio.poli1972@libero.it. Per qualsiasi informazione contattatemi all e-mail maurizio.poli1972@libero.it New.....Matte Painting....... progetti grafici realizzati da me....!!! Piccole modifiche dell'immagine in post-produzione......!!! Ask for a preventive in my virtual shop at the site mobiliperufficio.com/Maurizio_Poli/home Richiedete un preventivo nel mio negozio virtuale al sito mobiliperufficio.com/Maurizio_Poli/home The matte painting (which can be translated with painting backgrounds) is a technique used mainly in film used to allow the representation of landscapes or places otherwise too costly or impossible to reconstruct or reach directly. Visit www.facebook.com/Maurizio-Poli-760405867422348/ Ask for a preventive in my virtual shop at the site mobiliperufficio.com/Maurizio_Poli/home Richiedete un preventico nel mio negozio virtuale al sito mobiliperufficio.com/Maurizio_Poli/home
Forest house-1
Per chiunque fosse interessato ai miei lavori vi propongo di contattarmi per ricevere informazioni sulle stampe e sui prezzi di vendita......!!!!!!!! For anyone interested in my work I suggest you contact me to receive information on prints and selling prices ...... !!!!!!!! Vendo matte painting visualizzabili su www.flickr.com/photos/polimaurizio/, a 20 euro l'uno con firma e numero di serie e dimensioni originali. Per eventuali chiarimenti mi potete contattare all^ email maurizio.poli1972@libero.it. Per qualsiasi informazione contattatemi all e-mail maurizio.poli1972@libero.it New.....Matte Painting....... progetti grafici realizzati da me....!!! Piccole modifiche dell'immagine in post-produzione......!!! Ask for a preventive in my virtual shop at the site mobiliperufficio.com/Maurizio_Poli/home Richiedete un preventivo nel mio negozio virtuale al sito mobiliperufficio.com/Maurizio_Poli/home The matte painting (which can be translated with painting backgrounds) is a technique used mainly in film used to allow the representation of landscapes or places otherwise too costly or impossible to reconstruct or reach directly. Visit www.facebook.com/Maurizio-Poli-760405867422348/ Ask for a preventive in my virtual shop at the site mobiliperufficio.com/Maurizio_Poli/home Richiedete un preventico nel mio negozio virtuale al sito mobiliperufficio.com/Maurizio_Poli/home
Mount Greville (Moogerah) Waterfall Gorge Track (Moogerah Peaks National Park, Queensland's Scenic Rim)
Local Aboriginal group, the Ugarapul, have named all of the peaks within Moogerah Peaks National Park. Mount Greville is 'Moogerah' (along with the area between the mountain peak and Cunningham's Gap also known as 'Moogerah') meaning thunder. Mount Edwards is known as 'Wummun' while Mount Moon takes its name from 'Moorm', which means 'old walkabout mountain'. It is said that when the local Aboriginal groups were searching for food along the creeks west of Minto Crags ('Whimpullin') 'old walkabout mountain' appeared to move along with them. The two peaks of Mount French are known as 'Punchagin' (the southern peak) and 'Mee-bor-rum' (the northern peak). For the Ugarapul, the area was rich in resources. Animals such as the goanna, kangaroo, wallaby, and koala were hunted for food and skins. During kangaroo corroborees—which were attended by people from the Richmond River (New South Wales), the Brisbane River, Nanango, Killarney, Warwick and the Bunya Mountains—the Aboriginal group conducted wallaby drives where the women and children drove the macropods into the waiting spears of the men. Hundreds of wallabies and kangaroos were killed. During these corroborees, the much sought after brigalow spears, 'bonoorong', were traded. The peaks of Moogerah are key landmarks for the Ugarapul—each hold links to the creation of their landscape; many hold important cultural stories. When the yellow butterflies appeared, the Ugarapul knew that the bunya nuts were ready to fall from the trees. When the yellow flowers bloomed, it was a sign that 'nairrar' (bearded dragon) was full of eggs and the witchetty grubs were ready to eat. During the early exploration of the mountain ranges south-west of Brisbane, the Fassifern Valley was identified as an area ideal for agricultural settlement. In June 1827, Captain Patrick Logan, Commandant of Moreton Bay Penal Settlement, set out from Ipswich to explore the mountain range that dominated the southern skyline. Logan thought the range was the 'Mount Warning Ranges' named by Lieutenant James Cook from the 'Endeavour' in 1770. It was only when he climbed a prominent feature in the range, which he named Mount Dumaresq after Governor Darling's son-in-law, that Logan realised it was not Cook's mountain range. Ironically, at the same time that Logan had named his peak Mount Dumaresq, the explorer and botanist Alan Cunningham had used the same name for a mountain he climbed on the western side of the Great Dividing Range that same month! Not until both Cunningham's and Logan's reports reached the Sydney authorities was the coincidence discovered. As Cunningham had named his mountain first, Logan renamed his mountain in honour of Dumaresq's, country of birth—Mount French. Until 1842 it was illegal to occupy land within 80km of the Moreton Bay penal settlement. From this date on, station lessees began to arrive in the Fassifern area, setting up sheep and cattle runs. By 1857 three large station runs covered the whole district. Up until the 1880s, the peaks remained untouched with only a small amount of timber removed for fencing and yards. During the life of the area's timber industry, only the occasional stand of crows ash, rosewood, pine and red cedar were removed from the lower slopes of the peaks. The peaks' inaccessibility saved many undisturbed stands of timber and significant wildlife habitats. Seen as having very little agricultural, grazing or timber value, the peaks were largely left as monuments to pre-European settlement. Feral animals and inappropriate fire were the only impacts that altered the vegetation and animal populations of the peaks. Mount Greville, named by Allan Cunningham in 1828 in honour of the Scottish botanist Robert Kaye Greville, was the first of the peaks to be gazetted as national park in 1948. Mount Moon followed in 1953. Mount Edwards, originally named Mount Banister by explorer John Oxley in 1824 and renamed by Alan Cunningham in 1828 after Lieutenant George Edwards, was gazetted in 1966. After the original proposal for a national park in 1953, a small section on Mount French was gazetted national park because of its scenic and historic values in 1967. The park grew over the following years; in 1987 the internationally known rock-climbing cliffs on the north peaks were incorporated into the park. In 1991 the park almost doubled in size—from 119ha to 225.5ha. In 1994, all of the small national park peaks were amalgamated into Moogerah Peaks National Park. Moogerah Peaks National Park was once beneath the belly of a volcano—the ancient Main Range volcano—which erupted some 24 million years ago. The eastern flank of this volcano once spread across the Fassifern Valley, probably as far as Mount Maroon, Boonah and even to Ipswich, while on the western side it spread to at least Warwick. It erupted mainly basalt lavas, which may have been as thick as 1000m near the volcano's crest. The distinct peaks of the Moogerah Peaks National Park had their origins deep below the volcano. Composed of different rock types, separated from basalt magma at great depths, they formed as plugs, dykes or sills when magma entered numerous cracks and weaknesses in underlying older rocks, as well as moving up the main vents. Prolonged erosion over 20 million years has removed mainly the eastern side of the volcano. The relatively steep slopes and greater power of the east-flowing streams rapidly eroded the volcanic lavas to create a retreating escarpment (long, cliff-like ridge), which is now the edge of today's Main Range. As the volcano and some of the underlying rocks were eroded away, any plugs, dykes or sills composed of resistant rocks—particularly those of rhyolite and trachyte—remained as steep peaks. Mount Edwards is a large trachyte plug, which formed when magma filled vertical pipe-like fissures. The plug is cut by Reynolds Creek to form the mountain's distinctive two peaks. Mounts Greville and Moon are rhyolite plugs. The deep gorges of Mount Greville were caused by the erosion of basaltic dykes (magma that forces its way across older rock strata), which offered less resistance to weathering than the rhyolite. A large crevice cutting across Mount Moon is a prominent fracture enlarged by erosion. The white rhyolite sill that is Mount French was formed when magma was forced between horizontal layers of sedimentary rock. These layers were then eroded over millions of years to leave a plateau surrounded on most sides by cliffs. Vertical columns formed from cooling and contraction of the sub-surface magma. Today rock climbers value these vertical columns for the numerous climbs of varying difficulty. Brigalow, eucalypt open forest, lowland rainforest, heathlands and Araucarian vine forests once thickly covered the peaks and flats of this area. Clearing, logging and farming has tamed the 'bush', hemming in its growth to the peaks, gorges, cliff lines and rocky ridges. Today the mountains provide the only significant refuge in the landscape for numerous plant and animals, some now vulnerable to extinction and some restricted to a single mountain. The last significant remnant of the once widespread 'Fassifern scrub' dry rainforest, dominated by Acacia harpophylla (brigalow), occurs at Mount French. Two species of lichen occur on the rhyolite summit of Mount French and nowhere else on planet Earth. They are regarded (but not listed) as endangered. Mount Moon is the only mountain within the national park to contain the vulnerable plant, Marsdenia coronata (slender milkvine). This vine's distribution has been restricted significantly since European settlement. Small remnant populations of brush-tailed rock wallabies Petrogale penicillatea make their home on all of the park's four isolated peaks. Mount French has been known to support populations of black-breasted button-quail(external link) Turnix melanogaster since the turn of last century. This rarely seen, ground-dwelling bird is vulnerable and the fragmentation of the bird's habitat has exposed the bird to increased competition and predation. The powerful owl Ninox strenua is Australia's largest nocturnal avian predator and makes its home on some mountain peaks within the park. The glossy black-cockatoo Calyptorhynchus lathami feeds exclusively on Allocasuarina (forest she oak) species, making them one of the most highly specialised birds in the world. Gregarious family parties of up to ten glossy black cockatoos have been observed feeding on Allocasuarina torulosa (forest she oak) cones on the eastern foothills of Mount Greville and on the eastern slopes of Mount Moon. Only the female trees bear cones. Source: Department of Environment & Science, Queensland Government.
Forest Path, Ousbrough Forest, County Durham, England.
A forest is an area of land dominated by trees.[1] Hundreds of definitions of forest are used throughout the world, incorporating factors such as tree density, tree height, land use, legal standing and ecological function.[2][3][4] The Food and Agriculture Organization defines a forest as land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ. It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use.[5] Using this definition FRA 2020 found that forests covered 4.06 billion hectares or approximately 31 percent of the global land area in 2020 but are not equally distributed around the globe.[6] Forests are the dominant terrestrial ecosystem of Earth, and are distributed around the globe.[7] More than half of the world’s forests are found in only five countries (Brazil, Canada, China, Russian Federation and United States of America). The largest part of the forest (45 percent) is found in the tropical domain, followed by the boreal, temperate and subtropical domains.[8] Forests account for 75% of the gross primary production of the Earth's biosphere, and contain 80% of the Earth's plant biomass. Net primary production is estimated at 21.9 gigatonnes carbon per year for tropical forests, 8.1 for temperate forests, and 2.6 for boreal forests.[7] Forests at different latitudes and elevations, and with different precipitation and evapotranspiration[9] form distinctly different biomes: boreal forests around the North Pole, tropical moist forests and tropical dry forests around the Equator, and temperate forests at the middle latitudes. Higher elevation areas tend to support forests similar to those at higher latitudes, and amount of precipitation also affects forest composition. Almost half the forest area (49 percent) is relatively intact, while 9 percent is found in fragments with little or no connectivity. Tropical rainforests and boreal coniferous forests are the least fragmented, whereas subtropical dry forest and temperate oceanic forests are among the most fragmented. Roughly 80 percent of the world’s forest area is found in patches larger than 1 million hectares. The remaining 20 percent is located in more than 34 million patches across the world – the vast majority less than 1 000 hectares in size.[10] Human society and forests influence each other in both positive and negative ways.[11] Forests provide ecosystem services to humans and serve as tourist attractions. Forests can also affect people's health. Human activities, including unsustainable use of forest resources, can negatively affect forest ecosystems. Although the word forest is commonly used, there is no universally recognised precise definition, with more than 800 definitions of forest used around the world.[4] Although a forest is usually defined by the presence of trees, under many definitions an area completely lacking trees may still be considered a forest if it grew trees in the past, will grow trees in the future,[12] or was legally designated as a forest regardless of vegetation type.[13][14] There are three broad categories of forest definitions in use: administrative, land use, and land cover.[13] Administrative definitions are based primarily upon the legal designations of land, and commonly bear little relationship to the vegetation growing on the land: land that is legally designated as a forest is defined as a forest even if no trees are growing on it.[13] Land use definitions are based upon the primary purpose that the land serves. For example, a forest may be defined as any land that is used primarily for production of timber. Under such a land use definition, cleared roads or infrastructure within an area used for forestry, or areas within the region that have been cleared by harvesting, disease or fire are still considered forests even if they contain no trees. Land cover definitions define forests based upon the type and density of vegetation growing on the land. Such definitions typically define a forest as an area growing trees above some threshold. These thresholds are typically the number of trees per area (density), the area of ground under the tree canopy (canopy cover) or the section of land that is occupied by the cross-section of tree trunks (basal area).[13] Under such land cover definitions, an area of land can only be known as forest if it is growing trees. Areas that fail to meet the land cover definition may be still included under while immature trees are establishing if they are expected to meet the definition at maturity.[13] Under land use definitions, there is considerable variation on where the cutoff points are between a forest, woodland, and savanna. Under some definitions, forests require very high levels of tree canopy cover, from 60% to 100%,[15] excluding savannas and woodlands in which trees have a lower canopy cover. Other definitions consider savannas to be a type of forest, and include all areas with tree canopies over 10%.[12] Some areas covered with trees are legally defined as agricultural areas, e.g. Norway spruce plantations in Austrian forest law when the trees are being grown as Christmas trees and below a certain height. Etymology Since the 13th century, the Niepołomice Forest in Poland has had special use and protection. In this view from space, different coloration can indicate different functions.[16] The word forest derives from the Old French forest (also forès), denoting "forest, vast expanse covered by trees"; forest was first introduced into English as the word denoting wild land set aside for hunting[17] without the necessity in definition of having trees on the land.[18] Possibly a borrowing, probably via Frankish or Old High German, of the Medieval Latin foresta, denoting "open wood", Carolingian scribes first used foresta in the Capitularies of Charlemagne specifically to denote the royal hunting grounds of the King. The word was not endemic to Romance languages, e. g. native words for forest in the Romance languages derived from the Latin silva, which denoted "forest" and "wood(land)" (confer the English sylva and sylvan); confer the Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese selva; the Romanian silvă; and the Old French selve, and cognates in Romance languages, e. g. the Italian foresta, Spanish and Portuguese floresta, etc., are all ultimately derivations of the French word. A forest near Vinitsa, North Macedonia The precise origin of Medieval Latin foresta is obscure. Some authorities claim the word derives from the Late Latin phrase forestam silvam, denoting "the outer wood"; others claim the word is a latinisation of the Frankish *forhist, denoting "forest, wooded country", and was assimilated to "forestam silvam" pursuant to the common practice of Frankish scribes. The Old High German forst denoting "forest", Middle Low German vorst denoting "forest", Old English fyrhþ denoting "forest, woodland, game preserve, hunting ground" (English frith), and Old Norse fýri, denoting "coniferous forest", all of which derive from the Proto-Germanic *furhísa-, *furhíþija-, denoting "a fir-wood, coniferous forest", from the Proto-Indo-European *perkwu-, denoting "a coniferous or mountain forest, wooded height" all attest to the Frankish *forhist. Uses of forest in English to denote any uninhabited and unenclosed area presently are considered archaic.[19] The Norman rulers of England introduced the word as a legal term, as seen in Latin texts such as the Magna Carta, to denote uncultivated land that was legally designated for hunting by feudal nobility (see Royal Forest).[19][20] Tywi Forest, Wales These hunting forests did not necessarily contain many, if any, trees. However, because hunting forests often included significant areas of woodland, forest eventually came to connote woodland in general, regardless of the density of the trees.[citation needed] By the beginning of the Fourteenth Century, English texts used the word in all three of its senses: common, legal, and archaic.[19] Other English words used to denote "an area with a high density of trees" are firth, frith, holt, weald, wold, wood, and woodland. Unlike forest, these are all derived from Old English and were not borrowed from another language. Some present classifications reserve woodland for denoting a locale with more open space between trees, and distinguish kinds of woodlands as open forests and closed forests premised on their crown covers.[21] Finally, sylva (plural sylvae or, less classically, sylvas) is a peculiar English spelling of the Latin silva, denoting a "woodland", and has precedent in English, including its plural forms. While its use as a synonym of forest and as a Latinate word denoting a woodland may be admitted, in a specific technical sense it is restricted to denoting the species of trees that comprise the woodlands of a region, as in its sense in the subject of silviculture.[22] The resorting to sylva in English indicates more precisely the denotation that use of forest intends. Evolutionary history The first known forests on Earth arose in the Late Devonian (approximately 380 million years ago), with the evolution of Archaeopteris.[23] Archaeopteris was a plant that was both tree-like and fern-like, growing to 10 metres (33 ft) in height. Archaeopteris quickly spread throughout the world, from the equator to subpolar latitudes.[23] Archaeopteris formed the first forest by being the first known species to cast shade due to its fronds and forming soil from its roots. Archaeopteris was deciduous, dropping its fronds onto the forest floor. The shade, soil, and forest duff from the dropped fronds created the first forest.[23] The shed organic matter altered the freshwater environment, slowing it down and providing food. This promoted freshwater fish.[23] Ecology Main article: Forest ecology Temperate rainforest in Tasmania's Hellyer Gorge Forests account for 75% of the gross primary productivity of the Earth's biosphere, and contain 80% of the Earth's plant biomass.[7] The world's forests contain about 606 gigatonnes of living biomass (above- and below-ground) and 59 gigatonnes of dead wood. The total biomass has decreased slightly since 1990 but biomass per unit area has increased.[24] Forest ecosystems can be found in all regions capable of sustaining tree growth, at altitudes up to the tree line, except where natural fire frequency or other disturbance is too high, or where the environment has been altered by human activity. The latitudes 10° north and south of the equator are mostly covered in tropical rainforest, and the latitudes between 53°N and 67°N have boreal forest. As a general rule, forests dominated by angiosperms (broadleaf forests) are more species-rich than those dominated by gymnosperms (conifer, montane, or needleleaf forests), although exceptions exist. Forests sometimes contain many tree species within a small area (as in tropical rain and temperate deciduous forests), or relatively few species over large areas (e.g., taiga and arid montane coniferous forests). Forests are often home to many animal and plant species, and biomass per unit area is high compared to other vegetation communities. Much of this biomass occurs below ground in the root systems and as partially decomposed plant detritus. The woody component of a forest contains lignin, which is relatively slow to decompose compared with other organic materials such as cellulose or carbohydrate. The biodiversity of forests varies considerably according to factors such as forest type, geography, climate and soils – in addition to human use.[25] Most forest habitats in temperate regions support relatively few animal and plant species and species that tend to have large geographical distributions, while the montane forests of Africa, South America and Southeast Asia and lowland forests of Australia, coastal Brazil, the Caribbean islands Central America and insular Southeast Asia have many species with small geographical distributions.[25] Areas with dense human populations and intense agricultural land use, such as Europe, parts of Bangladesh, China, India and North America, are less intact in terms of their biodiversity.[25] Northern Africa, southern Australia, coastal Brazil, Madagascar and South Africa, are also identified as areas with striking losses in biodiversity intactness.[25] Components Even, dense old-growth stand of beech trees (Fagus sylvatica) prepared to be regenerated by their saplings in the understory, in the Brussels part of the Sonian Forest. A forest consists of many components that can be broadly divided into two categories that are biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components. The living parts include trees, shrubs, vines, grasses and other herbaceous (non-woody) plants, mosses, algae, fungi, insects, mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and microorganisms living on the plants and animals and in the soil. Layers Biogradska forest in Montenegro Spiny forest at Ifaty, Madagascar, featuring various Adansonia (baobab) species, Alluaudia procera (Madagascar ocotillo) and other vegetation A forest is made up of many layers. The main layers of all forest types are the forest floor, the understory and the canopy. The emergent layer exists in tropical rainforests. Each layer has a different set of plants and animals depending upon the availability of sunlight, moisture and food. Forest floor contains decomposing leaves, animal droppings, and dead trees. Decay on the forest floor forms new soil and provides nutrients to the plants. The forest floor supports ferns, grasses, mushroom and tree seedlings. Understory is made up of bushes, shrubs, and young trees that are adapted to living in the shades of the canopy. Canopy is formed by the mass of intertwined branches, twigs and leaves of the mature trees. The crowns of the dominant trees receive most of the sunlight. This is the most productive part of the trees where maximum food is produced. The canopy forms a shady, protective "umbrella" over the rest of the forest. Emergent layer exists in the tropical rain forest and is composed of a few scattered trees that tower over the canopy.[26] However, in botany and many countries (Germany, Poland, etc.), a different classification of forest vegetation structure is often used: tree, shrub, herb and moss layers, see stratification (vegetation). Types A dry sclerophyll forest in Sydney, which is dominated by eucalyptus trees. Proportion and distribution of global forest area by climatic domain, 2020[27] Forests can be classified in different ways and to different degrees of specificity. One such way is in terms of the biome in which they exist, combined with leaf longevity of the dominant species (whether they are evergreen or deciduous). Another distinction is whether the forests are composed predominantly of broadleaf trees, coniferous (needle-leaved) trees, or mixed. Boreal forests occupy the subarctic zone and are generally evergreen and coniferous. Temperate zones support both broadleaf deciduous forests (e.g., temperate deciduous forest) and evergreen coniferous forests (e.g., temperate coniferous forests and temperate rainforests). Warm temperate zones support broadleaf evergreen forests, including laurel forests. Tropical and subtropical forests include tropical and subtropical moist forests, tropical and subtropical dry forests, and tropical and subtropical coniferous forests. Physiognomy classifies forests based on their overall physical structure or developmental stage (e.g. old growth vs. second growth). Forests can also be classified more specifically based on the climate and the dominant tree species present, resulting in numerous different forest types (e.g., Ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir forest). The number of trees in the world, according to a 2015 estimate, is 3 trillion, of which 1.4 trillion are in the tropics or sub-tropics, 0.6 trillion in the temperate zones, and 0.7 trillion in the coniferous boreal forests. The estimate is about eight times higher than previous estimates, and is based on tree densities measured on over 400,000 plots. It remains subject to a wide margin of error, not least because the samples are mainly from Europe and North America.[28] Forests can also be classified according to the amount of human alteration. Old-growth forest contains mainly natural patterns of biodiversity in established seral patterns, and they contain mainly species native to the region and habitat. In contrast, secondary forest is regrowing forest following timber harvest and may contain species originally from other regions or habitats.[29] Different global forest classification systems have been proposed, but none has gained universal acceptance.[30] UNEP-WCMC's forest category classification system is a simplification of other more complex systems (e.g. UNESCO's forest and woodland 'subformations'). This system divides the world's forests into 26 major types, which reflect climatic zones as well as the principal types of trees. These 26 major types can be reclassified into 6 broader categories: temperate needleleaf; temperate broadleaf and mixed; tropical moist; tropical dry; sparse trees and parkland; and forest plantations.[30] Each category is described as a separate section below. Temperate needleleaf Temperate needleleaf forests mostly occupy the higher latitude regions of the Northern Hemisphere, as well as high altitude zones and some warm temperate areas, especially on nutrient-poor or otherwise unfavourable soils. These forests are composed entirely, or nearly so, of coniferous species (Coniferophyta). In the Northern Hemisphere pines Pinus, spruces Picea, larches Larix, firs Abies, Douglas firs Pseudotsuga and hemlocks Tsuga, make up the canopy, but other taxa are also important. In the Southern Hemisphere, most coniferous trees (members of the Araucariaceae and Podocarpaceae) occur in mixtures with broadleaf species, and are classed as broadleaf and mixed forests.[30] Temperate broadleaf and mixed Broadleaf forest in Bhutan Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests include a substantial component of trees in the Anthophyta. They are generally characteristic of the warmer temperate latitudes, but extend to cool temperate ones, particularly in the southern hemisphere. They include such forest types as the mixed deciduous forests of the United States and their counterparts in China and Japan, the broadleaf evergreen rainforests of Japan, Chile and Tasmania, the sclerophyllous forests of Australia, central Chile, the Mediterranean and California, and the southern beech Nothofagus forests of Chile and New Zealand.[30] Tropical moist There are many different types of tropical moist forests, with lowland evergreen broad leaf tropical rainforests, for example várzea and igapó forests and the terra firma forests of the Amazon Basin; the peat swamp forests, dipterocarp forests of Southeast Asia; and the high forests of the Congo Basin. Seasonal tropical forests, perhaps the best description for the colloquial term "jungle", typically range from the rainforest zone 10 degrees north or south of the equator, to the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn. Forests located on mountains are also included in this category, divided largely into upper and lower montane formations on the basis of the variation of physiognomy corresponding to changes in altitude.[31] Tropical dry Tropical dry forests are characteristic of areas in the tropics affected by seasonal drought. The seasonality of rainfall is usually reflected in the deciduousness of the forest canopy, with most trees being leafless for several months of the year. However, under some conditions, e.g. less fertile soils or less predictable drought regimes, the proportion of evergreen species increases and the forests are characterised as "sclerophyllous". Thorn forest, a dense forest of low stature with a high frequency of thorny or spiny species, is found where drought is prolonged, and especially where grazing animals are plentiful. On very poor soils, and especially where fire or herbivory are recurrent phenomena, savannas develop.[30] Sparse trees and parkland Taiga forest near Saranpaul in the northeast Ural Mountains, Khanty–Mansia, Russia. Trees include Picea obovata (dominant on right bank), Larix sibirica, Pinus sibirica, and Betula pendula. Sparse trees and savanna are forests with lower canopy cover of trees. They occur principally in areas of transition from forested to non-forested landscapes. The two major zones in which these ecosystems occur are in the boreal region and in the seasonally dry tropics. At high latitudes, north of the main zone of boreal forest, growing conditions are not adequate to maintain a continuous closed forest cover, so tree cover is both sparse and discontinuous. This vegetation is variously called open taiga, open lichen woodland, and forest tundra. A savanna is a mixed woodland grassland ecosystem characterized by the trees being sufficiently widely spaced so that the canopy does not close. The open canopy allows sufficient light to reach the ground to support an unbroken herbaceous layer consisting primarily of grasses. Savannas maintain an open canopy despite a high tree density.[30] Forest plantations Forest plantations are generally intended for the production of timber and pulpwood. Commonly mono-specific, planted with even spacing between the trees, and intensively managed, these forests are not generally important as habitat for native biodiversity. However, they can be managed in ways that enhance their biodiversity protection functions and they can provide ecosystem services such as maintaining nutrient capital, protecting watersheds and soil structure, and storing carbon.[29][30] Forest area The net loss of forest area has decreased substantially since 1990, but the world is not on track to meet the target of the United Nations Strategic Plan for Forests to increase forest area by 3 percent by 2030.[25] While deforestation is taking place in some areas, new forests are being established through natural expansion or deliberate efforts in others. As a result, the net loss of forest area is less than the rate of deforestation and it too is decreasing: from 7.8 million hectares per year in the 1990s to 4.7 million hectares per year during 2010– 2020.[25] In absolute terms, the global forest area decreased by 178 million hectares between 1990 and 2020, which is an area about the size of Libya.[25] Societal significance Main articles: Forestry, Logging, and Deforestation Redwood tree in northern California redwood forest, where many redwood trees are managed for preservation and longevity, rather than being harvested for wood production Burned forest on Thasos Forests provide a diversity of ecosystem services including: converting carbon dioxide into oxygen and biomass. A full-grown tree produces about 100 kg of net oxygen per year.[32] acting as a carbon sink. Therefore, they are necessary to mitigate climate change. According to the Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, to avoid temperature rise by more than 1.5 degrees above pre-industrial levels, there will need to be an increase in global forest cover equal to the land area of Canada (10 million km2), by the year 2050.[33] aiding in regulating climate. For example, a research from 2017, show that forests induce rainfall. If the forest is cut, it can lead to drought.[34] purifying water. mitigating natural hazards such as floods. serving as a genetic reserve. serving as a source of lumber and as recreational areas. Serving as a source of woodlands and trees for millions of people depending almost entirely on forests for subsistence for their essential fuelwood, food and fodder needs.[35] Some researchers state that forests do not only provide benefits, but can in certain cases also incur costs to humans.[36][37] Forests may impose an economic burden,[38][39] diminish the enjoyment of natural areas,[40] reduce the food producing capacity of grazing land[41] and cultivated land,[42] reduce biodiversity[43][44] reduce available water for humans and wildlife,[45][46] harbour dangerous or destructive wildlife,[36][47] and act as reservoirs of human and livestock disease.[48][49] The management of forests is often referred to as forestry. Forest management has changed considerably over the last few centuries, with rapid changes from the 1980s onwards culminating in a practice now referred to as sustainable forest management. Forest ecologists concentrate on forest patterns and processes, usually with the aim of elucidating cause-and-effect relationships. Foresters who practice sustainable forest management focus on the integration of ecological, social, and economic values, often in consultation with local communities and other stakeholders. Priest River winds through mountains with a checkerboard design of trees to its east Priest River winding through Whitetail Butte with lots of forestry to the east—these lot patterns have existed since the mid-19th century. The white patches reflect areas with younger, smaller trees, where winter snow cover shows up brightly to the astronauts. Dark green-brown squares are parcels Humans have generally decreased the amount of forest worldwide. Anthropogenic factors that can affect forests include logging, urban sprawl, human-caused forest fires, acid rain, invasive species, and the slash and burn practices of swidden agriculture or shifting cultivation. The loss and re-growth of forest leads to a distinction between two broad types of forest, primary or old-growth forest and secondary forest. There are also many natural factors that can cause changes in forests over time including forest fires, insects, diseases, weather, competition between species, etc. In 1997, the World Resources Institute recorded that only 20% of the world's original forests remained in large intact tracts of undisturbed forest.[50] More than 75% of these intact forests lie in three countries—the boreal forests of Russia and Canada and the rainforest of Brazil. According to FAO's Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, an estimated 420 million hectares of forest has been lost worldwide through deforestation since 1990, but the rate of forest loss has declined substantially. In the most recent five-year period (2015–2020), the annual rate of deforestation was estimated at 10 million hectares, down from 12 million hectares in 2010–2015.[24] China instituted a ban on logging, beginning in 1998, due to the erosion and flooding that it caused.[51] In addition, ambitious tree planting programmes in countries such as China, India, the United States and Vietnam – combined with natural expansion of forests in some regions – have added more than seven million hectares of new forests annually. As a result, the net loss of forest area was reduced to 5.2 million hectares per year between 2000 and 2010, down from 8.3 million hectares annually in the 1990s. In 2015, a study for Nature Climate Change showed that the trend has recently been reversed, leading to an "overall gain" in global biomass and forests. This gain is due especially to reforestation in China and Russia.[52] However new forests are not completely equivalent to old growth forests in terms of species diversity, resilience and carbon capture. On 7 September 2015, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations released a new study stating that, over the last 25 years, the global deforestation rate has decreased by 50% due to improved management of forests and greater government protection.[53][54] Proportion of forest in protected areas, by region, 2020[55] There is an estimated 726 million ha of forest in protected areas worldwide. Of the six major world regions, South America has the highest share of forests in protected areas, at 31 percent. The area of forest in protected areas globally has increased by 191 million ha since 1990, but the rate of annual increase slowed in 2010–2020.[56] Smaller areas of woodland in cities may be managed as urban forestry, sometimes within public parks. These are often created for human benefits; Attention Restoration Theory argues that spending time in nature reduces stress and improves health, while forest schools and kindergartens help young people to develop social as well as scientific skills in forests. These typically need to be close to where the children live, for practical logistics. Canada Garibaldi Provincial Park, British Columbia Main article: Forests of Canada Canada has about 4,020,000 square kilometres (1,550,000 sq mi) of forest land. More than 90% of forest land is publicly owned and about 50% of the total forest area is allocated for harvesting. These allocated areas are managed using the principles of sustainable forest management, which includes extensive consultation with local stakeholders. About eight percent of Canada's forest is legally protected from resource development.[57][58] Much more forest land—about 40 percent of the total forest land base—is subject to varying degrees of protection through processes such as integrated land use planning or defined management areas such as certified forests.[58] By December 2006, over 1,237,000 square kilometres of forest land in Canada (about half the global total) had been certified as being sustainably managed.[59] Clearcutting, first used in the latter half of the 20th century, is less expensive, but devastating to the environment, and companies are required by law to ensure that harvested areas are adequately regenerated. Most Canadian provinces have regulations limiting the size of clear-cuts, although some older clear-cuts can range upwards of 110 square kilometres (27,000 acres) in size which was cut over several years. Latvia Latvian Pine Forest in Ķegums Municipality Latvia has about 3,270,000 hectares (12,626 sq mi) of forest land which equates to 50.6% of Latvia's total area (24,938 sq mi). 1,510,000 hectares of forest land (46.3% of total forest land) is publicly owned and 1,750,000 hectares of forest land (53.7% of total forest land) is in private hands. Latvia's forests have been steadily increasing over the years which is in contrast to many other nations, mostly due to the forestation of land not used for agriculture. In 1935 there was only 1,757,000 hectares of forest, today this has increased by more than 150%. Birch is the most common tree at 28.2% followed by pine (26,9%), spruce (18.3%), grey alder (9.7%), aspen (8,0%), black alder (5.7%), oak/ash (1.2%) and finally hardwood making up the rest (2.0%).[60][61] United States In the United States, most forests have historically been affected by humans to some degree, though in recent years improved forestry practices have helped regulate or moderate large scale or severe impacts. However, the United States Forest Service estimates a net loss of about 2 million hectares (4,942,000 acres) between 1997 and 2020; this estimate includes conversion of forest land to other uses, including urban and suburban development, as well as afforestation and natural reversion of abandoned crop and pasture land to forest. However, in many areas of the United States, the area of forest is stable or increasing, particularly in many northern states. The opposite problem from flooding has plagued national forests, with loggers complaining that a lack of thinning and proper forest management has resulted in large forest fires.[62][63] Largest forests in the world Largest forests in the world ForestAreaCountries Amazon rainforest5,500,000 km2 (2,100,000 sq mi)Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Bolivia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela Congo Rainforest2,000,000 km2 (770,000 sq mi)Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon Atlantic Forest1,315,460 km2 (507,900 sq mi)Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay Valdivian Temperate Rainforest248,100 km2 (95,800 sq mi)Chile, Argentina Tongass National Forest68,000 km2 (26,000 sq mi)United States Rainforest of Xishuangbanna19,223 km2 (7,422 sq mi)China Sunderbans10,000 km2 (3,900 sq mi)India, Bangladesh Daintree Rainforest1,200 km2 (460 sq mi)Australia Kinabalu Park754 km2 (291 sq mi)Malaysia Forests named after their creators Some areas of land have been reforested and named after their creators, Larose Forest,and Molai forest are two so named.
Detail of the Huntsman and Dogs Bronze Statue by Henri Alfred Jacquemart - the Forest Glade Gardens; Mount Macedon Road, Mount Macedon
"Huntsman and Dogs" is a bronze statue created by French sculptor Henri Alfred Jacquemart, cast by the Val d' Osne foundry circa 1879. It makes an impressive welcome to the Forest Glade Gardens in Mount Macedon. The Forest Glade Gardens are well established European inspired landscaped gardens of six hectares that are to be found on the Mount Macedon Road in the hill station town of Mount Macedon. The Forest Glade Gardens are just shy of one hundred years old. The gardens were originally two adjoining properties that comprised orchards and lush grazing paddocks. In 1941 local family the Newtons purchased and extended the property and set about creating one of Mount Macedon's most stunning gardens. In 1971 the Forest Glade Gardens were acquired by Melbourne property developer Mr. Cyril Stokes who together with his partner Trevor Neil Bell, developed the gardens even further. Cyril was a great collector of European antiques, and his love of European antiquity is reflected in the gardens, particularly in the many classical marble and bronze statues dotted about the grounds. Unfortunately the Forest Glade Gardens were partly destroyed by the tragic Ash Wednesday bushfires of 1983. However, after many years of hard labour put in by Cyril and Trevor, The Forest Glade Gardens were reborn from the ashes. The gardens are built on a sloping block and consist of a range of terraces all of which offer wonderful vistas. A garden designed to give pleasure all year round, the Forest Glad Gardens contain several heritage listed trees and are made up of smaller themed gardens including; the Italian Garden, the Japanese Garden, the Daffodil Meadow, the Peony Walk, Hydrangea Hill, the Topiary Gardens, the Bluebell Meadow, the Fern Gully and the Laburnum Arch. In 2011 the property was gifted to a registered charity - The Stokes Collection Limited - with the intention of keeping the Forest Glade Gardens maintained and open to the public. Henri Alfred Marie Jacquemart (1824 - 1896) was a French sculptor. Henri studied under painter Paul Delaroche and sculptor Jean Baptiste Jules Klagmann. He was admitted to the École des Beaux-Arts in 1845. He exhibited his sculptures at the Paris Salon between 1847 and 1879, for which he received accolades, medals and commissions. His work may be found around the world, but mostly in Paris, Cairo and Alexandria. "Valet au chiens" ("Huntsman and Dogs") is one of his most popular works and many castings have been made. One casting of this statue can be found in the Sydney Botanic Gardens. Many of his works were cast in bronze by the Val d' Osne foundry. He was best known for his large animal works. Henri died suddenly in 1896. I spent a delightful Saturday with the Famous Flickr Five+ Group in Mount Macedon, where I have never been before. Now I have, I would very much like to go back to such a picturesque place again. The Mount Macedon township is located east of the Mount Macedon summit, which is approximately 60 km north-west of Melbourne. The name of Mount Macedon is apparently derived from Philip II, who ruled Macedon between 359 and 336BC. The mountain was named by Thomas Mitchell, the New South Wales Surveyor General. Settled in the 1850s by gold miners and timber cutters, the railway arrived at the Mount Macedon township in 1861, providing a vital connection to Melbourne, and sealing the town's future as a 'hill station' resort for wealthy Melburnians escaping the summer heat in the 1870s. With the land deforested, large blocks were sold and beautiful and extensive gardens were planted around the newly built homes. The rich soil and good rainfall also made the area suitable for large orchards and plant nurseries who could send fruit and flowers back to Melbourne. Newspaper owner, David Syme, built a house, "Rosenheim" in 1869. It was acquired in 1886 for Victorian Governors to use as a country retreat, making Mount Macedon an attractive destination for the well heeled of Melbourne society. A primary school was built in Mount Macedon in 1874, and as the decades progressed, hotels, guest houses, shops, a Presbyterian Church and Church of England were built. In 1983, Mount Macedon was devastated by the Ash Wednesday Bush Fires. A large portion of the town was raised, and a number of lives were lost. However, like a phoenix from the ashes, Mount Macedon has risen and rebuilt. Today it is still a popular holiday destination, particularly during spring time when the well established gardens flourish with flowers and in autumn when the exotic trees explode in a riot of reds and yellows.
The Dancers
Greek dance company at Eurofest 2016 at Frenchs Forest in Sydney
The Huntsman and Dogs Bronze Statue by Henri Alfred Jacquemart - the Forest Glade Gardens; Mount Macedon Road, Mount Macedon
"Huntsman and Dogs" is a bronze statue created by French sculptor Henri Alfred Jacquemart, cast by the Val d' Osne foundry circa 1879. It makes an impressive welcome to the Forest Glade Gardens in Mount Macedon. The Forest Glade Gardens are well established European inspired landscaped gardens of six hectares that are to be found on the Mount Macedon Road in the hill station town of Mount Macedon. The Forest Glade Gardens are just shy of one hundred years old. The gardens were originally two adjoining properties that comprised orchards and lush grazing paddocks. In 1941 local family the Newtons purchased and extended the property and set about creating one of Mount Macedon's most stunning gardens. In 1971 the Forest Glade Gardens were acquired by Melbourne property developer Mr. Cyril Stokes who together with his partner Trevor Neil Bell, developed the gardens even further. Cyril was a great collector of European antiques, and his love of European antiquity is reflected in the gardens, particularly in the many classical marble and bronze statues dotted about the grounds. Unfortunately the Forest Glade Gardens were partly destroyed by the tragic Ash Wednesday bushfires of 1983. However, after many years of hard labour put in by Cyril and Trevor, The Forest Glade Gardens were reborn from the ashes. The gardens are built on a sloping block and consist of a range of terraces all of which offer wonderful vistas. A garden designed to give pleasure all year round, the Forest Glad Gardens contain several heritage listed trees and are made up of smaller themed gardens including; the Italian Garden, the Japanese Garden, the Daffodil Meadow, the Peony Walk, Hydrangea Hill, the Topiary Gardens, the Bluebell Meadow, the Fern Gully and the Laburnum Arch. In 2011 the property was gifted to a registered charity - The Stokes Collection Limited - with the intention of keeping the Forest Glade Gardens maintained and open to the public. Henri Alfred Marie Jacquemart (1824 - 1896) was a French sculptor. Henri studied under painter Paul Delaroche and sculptor Jean Baptiste Jules Klagmann. He was admitted to the École des Beaux-Arts in 1845. He exhibited his sculptures at the Paris Salon between 1847 and 1879, for which he received accolades, medals and commissions. His work may be found around the world, but mostly in Paris, Cairo and Alexandria. "Valet au chiens" ("Huntsman and Dogs") is one of his most popular works and many castings have been made. One casting of this statue can be found in the Sydney Botanic Gardens. Many of his works were cast in bronze by the Val d' Osne foundry. He was best known for his large animal works. Henri died suddenly in 1896. I spent a delightful Saturday with the Famous Flickr Five+ Group in Mount Macedon, where I have never been before. Now I have, I would very much like to go back to such a picturesque place again. The Mount Macedon township is located east of the Mount Macedon summit, which is approximately 60 km north-west of Melbourne. The name of Mount Macedon is apparently derived from Philip II, who ruled Macedon between 359 and 336BC. The mountain was named by Thomas Mitchell, the New South Wales Surveyor General. Settled in the 1850s by gold miners and timber cutters, the railway arrived at the Mount Macedon township in 1861, providing a vital connection to Melbourne, and sealing the town's future as a 'hill station' resort for wealthy Melburnians escaping the summer heat in the 1870s. With the land deforested, large blocks were sold and beautiful and extensive gardens were planted around the newly built homes. The rich soil and good rainfall also made the area suitable for large orchards and plant nurseries who could send fruit and flowers back to Melbourne. Newspaper owner, David Syme, built a house, "Rosenheim" in 1869. It was acquired in 1886 for Victorian Governors to use as a country retreat, making Mount Macedon an attractive destination for the well heeled of Melbourne society. A primary school was built in Mount Macedon in 1874, and as the decades progressed, hotels, guest houses, shops, a Presbyterian Church and Church of England were built. In 1983, Mount Macedon was devastated by the Ash Wednesday Bush Fires. A large portion of the town was raised, and a number of lives were lost. However, like a phoenix from the ashes, Mount Macedon has risen and rebuilt. Today it is still a popular holiday destination, particularly during spring time when the well established gardens flourish with flowers and in autumn when the exotic trees explode in a riot of reds and yellows.
Sun bathing.
A large lace monitor, Australian lizard sunning itself at the Rockhampton Zoo. Read more from Wikipedia here. The lace monitor or tree goanna (Varanus varius) is a member of the monitor lizard family native to eastern Australia. A large lizard, it can reach 2 metres (6.6 ft) in total length and 14 kilograms (31 lb) in weight. The lace monitor is considered to be a least-concern species according to the International Union for Conservation. John White, the surgeon-general of New South Wales, described this species as the variegated lizard (Lacerta varia) in 1790. George Shaw reported that several specimens were taken back to England. French naturalist François Marie Daudin gave it the name Tupinambis variegatus in 1802, and noted two forms. German naturalist Blasius Merrem established the genus Varanus in 1820, with V. varius as the first mentioned member set as its type species by John Edward Gray in 1827. French zoologists André Marie Constant Duméril and Gabriel Bibron described two specimens in 1836, one in their possession and one from the collection of English zoologist Thomas Bell as Varanus bellii "Le Varan de Bell". This turned out to be a banded colour phase of the lace monitor that coexists with normal-coloured individuals, and is either autosomal dominant or codominant genetically. It is sometimes called the Bell's phase lace monitor. The lace monitor is monotypic; no subspecies are recognised. However, genetic analysis of its mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) across its range revealed three main clades: a north Queensland clade separated by the Burdekin Gap from a clade spanning from southern Queensland through inland New South Wales across the Murray–Darling basin and into southeastern South Australia. This is divided from a third clade that spans coastal eastern Australia (northern New South Wales to eastern Victoria) by the McPherson Range and Great Dividing Range. This last clade is thought to have diverged from the first two clades around 2.7 million years ago, while these clades separated around 850,000 years ago. Genetic analysis of mtDNA shows the lace monitor to be the closest relative (sister taxon) of the Komodo dragon, with their common ancestor diverging from a lineage that gave rise to the crocodile monitor (Varanus salvadorii) of New Guinea. The divergence between lace monitor and Komodo dragon lineages has been calculated to have occurred around 13 million years ago, 11 or 11.5 million years ago. The species is commonly known as lace monitor, tree goanna, or lacy. It was known as wirriga to the Eora and Darug inhabitants of the Sydney basin, and gugaa to the Wiradjuri people of southern New South Wales. The second-largest monitor in Australia after the perentie, the lace monitor can reach 2 m (7 ft) in total length, or 76.5 cm snout–vent length (SVL). The male reaches sexual maturity when it has a SVL of 41.5 cm. Females are generally smaller than males, with a maximum SVL of 57.5 cm, and becoming sexually mature at a SVL of 38.5 cm.The tail is long and slender and about 1.5 times the length of the head and body. The tail is cylindrical at its base, but becomes laterally compressed towards the tip. The maximum weight of lace monitor can be 14 kg (30 lb), but most adults are much smaller. Historically, it has been described as growing as much as 8 ft long. Regardless of the accuracy of these reports, lace monitors of such size likely no longer exist. Lace monitors are found in two forms. The main form is dark grey to dull bluish-black with numerous, scattered, cream-coloured spots. The head is black and the snout is marked with prominent black and yellow bands extending under the chin and neck. The tail has narrow black and cream bands, which are narrow and get wider towards the end of the tail. Juveniles have more defined and prominent banding, with five narrow black bands on the neck and eight bands on the body. The other type, known as Bell's form, is typically found in west of the Great Dividing Range from Woodgate, Eidsvold, and Mitchell in Queensland to Bourke, Macksville and Port Macquarie in New South Wales. It has also been reported from Healesville, Rushworth, and Murchison in Victoria and the Flinders Ranges in South Australia.[9] It has a base colour of yellow-brown or yellow with fine black mottling and broad, black or dark brown bands from the shoulders to the tail. The top of the head is black. These common terrestrial and often arboreal monitors are found in eastern Australia and range from Cape Bedford on Cape York Peninsula to south-eastern South Australia. They frequent both open and closed forests and forage over long distances (up to 3 km (1.9 mi) a day). The lace monitor is considered to be a least-concern species according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature. They are mainly active from September to May, but are inactive in cooler weather and shelter in tree hollows or under fallen trees or large rocks. Despite its large size and mass, the lace monitor is an adept climber. One was recorded climbing a brick wall to seek shelter in a thunderstorm. Young lace monitors are even more arboreal than adults. They often spend most of their adult lives in the same area; one individual was recorded living in the same tree for years. In at least the temperate regions, the breeding season takes place in the summer. Male lace monitors fight each other by grappling while standing on the hind legs in the breeding season, and up to six males may gather around a receptive female to try and court her. Mating takes several hours. Females lay an average of eight eggs in active termite nests either on the ground or in the trees, although they may lay as many as 12 eggs. When such nests are in short supply, females often fight over them or lay the eggs in burrows and perhaps hollow logs. The eggs overwinter to hatch 6–7 months later. Hatchlings remain around the nest for about a week or more before leaving its vicinity. Females may return to the same termite nest to lay their next clutch of eggs. These monitors can potentially live to reach over 20 years of age. Their diets typically consist of insects, reptiles, small mammals, birds, and birds' eggs. They are also carrion eaters, feeding on already dead carcasses of other wildlife. Lace monitors search for food on the ground, retreating to a nearby tree if disturbed. They also forage in areas inhabited by people, raiding chicken coops for poultry and eggs, and rummaging through unprotected domestic garbage bags and rubbish bins in picnic and recreational areas. As they often swallow meat whole, they can be at risk of harm from some meat scraps; one was reported with a t-bone steak bone stuck in its throat and another with a plastic fork in its stomach. Another swallowed six golf balls that a chicken owner had placed in their coop to prompt their chickens to lay eggs. They are preyed upon by dingoes and birds of prey, and like all Australian goannas, they were a favourite traditional food of Australian Aboriginal peoples, and their fat was particularly valued as a medicine and for use in ceremonies. They frequently attack the large composting nests of scrub turkeys to steal their eggs, and often show injuries on their tails inflicted by male scrub turkeys pecking at them to drive them away. Venom In late 2005, University of Melbourne researchers discovered that all monitors may be somewhat venomous. Previously, bites inflicted by monitors were thought to be prone to infection because of bacteria in their mouths, but the researchers showed that the immediate effects were more likely caused by envenomation. Bites on the hand by lace monitors have been observed to cause swelling within minutes, localised disruption of blood clotting, and shooting pain up to the elbow, which can often last for several hours. In vitro testing showed lace monitor mouth secretion impact on platelet aggregation, drop blood pressure and relax smooth muscle; the last effect mediated by an agent with the same activity as brain natriuretic peptide. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry found ample proteins with molecular masses of 2-4 kilodaltons (corresponding with natriuretic peptide), 15 kilodaltons (type III Phospholipase A2), and 23-25 kilodaltons (cysteine-rich secretory proteins and kallikrein) in these secretions. Washington State University biologist Kenneth V. Kardong and toxicologists Scott A. Weinstein and Tamara L. Smith, have cautioned that labelling these species as venomous oversimplifies the diversity of oral secretions in reptiles, and overestimates the medical risk of bite victims. The lace monitor was eaten by the Wiradjuri people; local wisdom advised eating lace monitors as they came down from trees as those that had eaten on the ground tasted of rotting meat. The Tharawal ate the species' eggs, collecting them in sand on riverbanks in the Nattai and Wollondilly. Goanna remains have been recovered in middens in what is now Sydney. The lace monitor is bred in captivity as an exotic pet
White Fire - Sunset. Bantry Bay Explosive Stores
White Fire. Striking vivid orange blue and white sunset over water through cloud with a tree studded silhouetted horizon.. Photographed at Bantry Bay near the old explosives stores building, Middle Harbour, Sydney, Australia.. . The Bantry Bay Explosives Magazine Complex is located in Garigal National Park and managed by the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. The Complex occupies an area of around 14 hectares on both the eastern and western shores of the bay and consists of numerous buildings, seawalls, tram lines, wharves, slipways, tracks, dams, and other above-surface remains as well as a number of archaeological sites. It is an important but little known part of the cultural, and natural, heritage of Sydney.. Bantry Bay is part of the traditional lands of the Guringai/Gai-Mariagal Aboriginal people. The Guringai/Gai-Mariagal people made extensive use of the area for tens of thousands of years prior to the arrival of European settlers. Numerous rock engraving sites and shell middens, some dated to at least 4,600 years old, can still be seen in the area today as tangible evidence of this Aboriginal past. It is likely that Aboriginal people continued to use the area for fishing and shellfish collecting until they were gradually dispossessed by European settlement and disease.. European use of this area in the early 1800s initially focussed on lime burning, fishing, oyster gathering and wood cutting. The pioneer of the area, Constable and Crown Lands Ranger James French (after whom Frenchs Forest is named), started the first local timber industry around 1856. He located his sawmill on the hill above Bantry Bay, and made a track for his bullock team to drag the wood down to a wharf, from where it was shipped to Sydney. This “Old Bullock Track” remains today, with cobbles, culverts and the remains of a stone bridge visible amongst the bushland..
Anzac Memorial & Architecture, Hyde Park, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Hyde Park is a heritage-listed 16.2-hectare (40-acre) urban park located in the central business district of Sydney, in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It is the oldest public parkland in Australia. Hyde Park is on the eastern fringe of the Sydney city centre and is approximately rectangular in shape, being squared at the southern end and rounded at the northern end. It is bordered on the west by Elizabeth Street, on the east by College Street, on the north by St. James Road and Prince Albert Road and on the south by Liverpool Street.[1] The park was designed by Norman Weekes, Sir John Sulman (1927 design resolution), Alfred Hook, W. G. Layton and I. Berzins and was built from 1810 to 1927. It is also known as Hyde Park, Sydney Common, Government Domain, The Common, The Exercising Ground, Cricket Ground and Racecourse. Hyde Park is owned by the City of Sydney and the Land and Property Management Authority, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 13 December 2011.[2] It is the southernmost of a chain of parkland that extends north to the shore of Sydney Harbour via The Domain and Sydney's Royal Botanic Gardens. Around the park's boundaries lie various buildings housing the Supreme Court of New South Wales, St. James Church, Hyde Park Barracks and Sydney Hospital to the north, St Mary's Cathedral, the Australian Museum and Sydney Grammar School to the east, the Downing Centre to the south, the David Jones Limited flagship store and the CBD to the west. It is divided in two by the east–west running Park Street. Hyde Park contains well-kept gardens and approximately 580 trees; a mixture of figs,[3] conifers, palms, and other varieties. It is famed for its magnificent fig tree lined avenues. Sandringham Gardens sit on the eastern side of the park, close to the intersection of Park Street and College Street. History At the time of European settlement in 1788 local Aborigines hunted ducks in the swampy marshes that were to become Hyde Park.[4][2] Hyde Park is also understood to be the site of an important Aboriginal contest ground which is a part of the greater Aboriginal history of Sydney.[5] Until the mid 1820s, Aboriginal people travelled from all over Sydney and as far away as the Hunter and the Illawarra, to gather at a ceremonial contest ground to the south of the city. The exact location of this site of ritualized conflict settlement and resistance is unclear. Described as lying between the road to Botany Bay and the Brickfields, it was probably near Hyde Park South. Bloody fist fights involving up to 100 people, spearings and beatings were used to resolve conflicts at the Brickfields contest ground. These were observed and recorded by visiting Russian sailors in 1814, and again 10 years later by the French explorers Dumont d'Urvile and Rene Lesson.[6][2] The valley of the Tank Stream was cradled between two slightly elevated sandstone and shale ridges which ran down to the harbour to form Dawes Point and Bennelong Point on each side of Sydney Cove. The Tank Stream itself was only a tiny rivulet which rose in marshy ground skirting the western slopes of the ground which later became Hyde Park. The seepage from the bed-joints of the underlying sandstone around the upper portion of its catchment, which headed about the centre of the park, filtered through the soil to form a definite channel near King and Pitt Streets. The area now occupied by Hyde Park was relatively flat, rising slightly along the centre and elevated.[2] We know it was timbered, as was the rest of the topography, from the early drawings of the settlement, and Director of the Botanic Gardens, Sydney J. H. Maiden has suggested that the dominant species were probably white or brittle gum (Eucalyptus micrantha), blackbutt (E.pilularis), bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera), Port Jackson figs (Ficus rubiginosa), Bangalow palms (Archontophoenix cunninghamiana), cabbage tree palms (Livistona australis) and smooth-barked white apple (Angophora costata), with an understorey of tea tree (Leptospermum sp.), wattle (Acacia sp.) and NSW Christmas bush (Ceratopetalum gummiferum).[2][7]:10 From 1788 this was a place where soldiers could be quickly assembled in case of a convict rebellion. It was probably the site of a bloody battle between Aborigines and Europeans for control of land around Sydney.[8] It was also the site of an important Aboriginal contest ground.[5][2] Before Governor Phillip departed from the settlement in December 1792, he had drawn a line from the head of Woolloomooloo Bay to the head of Cockle Bay (now Darling Harbour) and noted in writing on the map that no land within the line was to be leased or granted and should remain the property of the Crown. In subsequent years this directive was whittled away. King granted leases in the town, Foveaux had begun to issue grants, Macquarie was to extend the grants.[2] The area of Hyde Park however, fell largely within this line, and became regarded as a sort of "Common" on the edge of the town. It had quite a different status to the Governor's Domain, which became the Botanic Gardens. It was land that belonged to the people, rather than to the Governor or his officials. The settlers grazed their animals on it and used its brush and trees as firewood. It was gradually denuded of vegetation. By 1810 it would have been a relatively open, elevated space and by then it would have had views out to the north east across Woolloomooloo to the harbour. Early on there were shingling parties and saw pits operating in the vicinity. It was known as "the Common" even before Governor Macquarie defined its size and use by his proclamation of 5 October 1810. His 83rd regiment had established a camp there while waiting for more permanent accommodation, on the southern end near the brickfields.[2][7]:10–11 Later it became the colony's first sports centre and racecourse. Prize fights and cricket matches were held here. In 1803 cricket was introduced on The Common by British officers. This game became an obsession and the area served the game from 1827 to 1856.[9][2] Developments from 1810 to 1830 Before 1810 the area was known as "The Common," the "Exercising Ground", "Cricket Ground" or "Racecourse".[10] Macquarie, on 11 February 1810, formally reserved it as open space, the first public park set aside in Australia.[11] He formally defined the park as bounded in the north by the NSW Government Domain, on the west by the town of Sydney, on the east by the grant to John Palmer at Woolloomooloo and on the south by the brickfields.[10][2][12] Macquarie named it "Hyde Park" after the great Hyde Park in London, north-west of Westminster, near Buckingham Palace (which had once belonged to the Manor of Hyde and which was seized from the Abbey of Westminster by Henry VIII for a forest hunting reserve in 1536). Macquarie's naming and formal definition of the park was part of his town planning policy. He named the streets and regularised their courses, erected a wharf in Cockle Bay, relocated the Market Place and planned other improvements in the town, as well as defining Sydney's first major park and formalising its use "for the recreation and amusement of the inhabitants". He also added another use for the park, "as a field of exercise for the troops". His proclamation acknowledged the previous uses of the area.[2][13][7]:14–15 Ten days after Macquarie named it Hyde Park it was the venue for Australia's first organised horse race and it was used for races through the 1820s. At that time it was much larger, marking the outskirts of Sydney's southern settlement[14][15] The park was used as Sydney's racecourse from 1820 to 1821.[13]<[16]:58 Whittaker adds that as well as being a popular cricket venue in the 1820s it was also popular for informal children's games.[2] It was delineated only as a space at the end of Macquarie Street, where the military held parades, and townspeople cut firewood and carted off soil. It became a favourite place for cricket, a playground for local school boys, a racecourse and - with its slightly elevated position - a promenade[11][16]:58 cites Hyde Park as being Sydney's cricket ground from 1827 to 1856.[2] In 1811 Macquarie framed further regulations to secure the space for public recreation. He closed access across the park to the Brickfields beyond, forbade carts to cross it, or cows, sheep, goats and pigs' to graze upon it, and ordered that no cattle headed for markets near Darling Harbour were to be driven across it. He caused a fence to be made between the park and the brickfields and directed that carts carrying bricks or pottery should go through the turn-pike gate in George Street. He directed that all traffic crossing the park was to use the new line of road along the route of Liverpool Street to South Head Road (or Oxford Street). This roadway then defined the southern boundary of Hyde Park.[2] The northern boundary was at first defined by the edge of the Governor's Demesne (Domain), which the Macquaries came to regard as their personal pleasure grounds. Macquarie himself directed the building of Hyde Park Barracks (1817–19), St. James' Church (1820) and the Law Courts (1819-28) at the northern end of Hyde Park, using Francis Greenway as his architect, with these buildings as fine embellishments to the colonial town, facing each other across a plaza which terminated Macquarie Street. Macquarie blocked the street named after himself at what was later known as Queens's Square and excluded all roadways from the park.[2] The western boundary was defined as Camden Street (later Elizabeth Street, renamed by Macquarie for his wife, Elizabeth Campbell), marked out in Meehan's plan of 1807 almost as far as present day Park Street. This was first a street of scattered small wattle and daub thatched houses, brush and grass trees. These were gradually replaced by more substantial houses in the next four decades. It became a fashionable residential street, with elegant terrace houses overlooking the maturing Hyde Park.[2][17] Avenue in Hyde Park, circa 1935, showing St Mary's Cathedral before its spires were added. The eastern boundary was not sharply defined when the Macquaries departed in 1821. A map of that year shows a vegetable garden of 11 acres allocated to the Barracks and a site marked out for the Roman Catholic Chapel... "near the rubbish dump". The foundation stone for what would become St. Mary's Cathedral was laid in 1821 on a site adjoining Hyde Park's north-eastern side, the first site granted to the Roman Catholic Church in Australia.[2][16]:59 Macquarie made no move to have the space planted. He probably had enough difficulty getting the Government Domain in order. However the formal nature of the Queens Square end of Hyde Park made it an appropriate place for Governor Brisbane's Commission to be read to the assembled populace on 1 December 1821.[2]<[7]:17–18 Francis Greenway, architect to Governor Macquarie, wrote in a letter to The Australian in April 1825 that Hyde Park was to be "given to the inhabitants of Sydney for ever, and to be laid down in the most elegant style of landscape gardening". It would be planted out "in the modern way of landscape gardening, as many of the squares are now in London, the garden enclosed with an elegant rail fence". Lack of cooperation from the Colonial Office in London meant that Greenway's elaborate and optimistic plans for beautifying Sydney were put aside for the time being.[18][2] Wrestling and boxing in the park continued, with quoits, rugby union, hurling, military drills, a zoo in 1849. In public holidays the park resembled a "side show alley".[19][2] From the first attempts at structuring it the site has lent itself to a formal design. Emphasis on a central avenue was given by the 1832 extension of Macquarie Street south through the park and by its flatness. When this street extension was closed for a second time in 1851, its north–south line became a rudimentary public walk (known as "Lovers" Walk'); a derivation from the planted walks in English 18th century urban pleasure gardens (such as Vauxhall Gardens).[2] Developments from the 1830s to 1900 In the 1830s Governor Darling proposed to sell off the park for houses, but his successor Governor Bourke rebuffed the claims of those who desired the park for residential allotments and reaffirmed its status as a park.[13][7]:7 In 1830 Park Street was extended through the park.[20][2] In 1832 William and Macquarie Street (southern extension) were constructed severing Hyde Park and establishing its central axis.[21] Also in 1832 College Street was built which divided off part of the park, in the area which became Cook and Phillip Parks. Also in 1832 Sydney College was built (later Sydney Grammar School). With the nearby Lyons Terrace (1851) and the Australian Museum (1849-51) the southern end of Hyde Park attracted significant and imposing buildings which increased its importance as a planned open space envisaged by Francis Greenway.[2][13] In 1837 the first major planting in the park was undertaken by Superintendent of the Sydney Botanic Gardens, Alan Cunningham.[21] Also in 1837 Sydney's second main water supply (after the first one - the Tank Stream - had become polluted) was Busby's Bore in Lachlan Swamps (later part of Centennial Park). An outlet for water brought to the city from the bore through a tunnel was an elevated pipe in Hyde Park where water carts queued and filled their barrels to sell in the town at 3 pennies per bucket.[2] In 1846 work commenced on the Australian Museum on the south-east corner of William and Park Streets, probably to the design of architect Mortimer Lewis. This was probably Australia's first prominent museum building,[16]:60 and faced the park.[2] In the 1850s Hyde Park was a barren expanse of grass criss-crossed with paths and dirt tracks around its perimeter. This is clear in a c.1854 photograph taken from the Mint by mint-worker and amateur photographer William Stanley Jevons in the very early days of photography.[22][2] In 1854 the Public Parks Act was passed and a Hyde Park Improvement Committee was formed.[11] Trustees were appointed to determine policy and after 1854 the space gradually became tailored towards more bourgeois, middle-class ideal of a passive, decorative open space for strolling. It attracted public speakers for a time, until they, like the cricketers, were banished to the Domain to the park's north. Gradually Hyde Park became more a place for passive recreation and more like an "English" garden.[2] There was increasing public pressure to "improve" the park and plant it. By this time the influence of Scottish/English writer John Claudius Loudon and architect/gardener (later Sir) Joseph Paxton had reached the antipodes - the garden invaded the pleasure ground to form a "gardenesque" (Loudon's term) composition with each of Hyde Park's four quarters divided by a central walk and the whole park by Park Street. Incidents or features such as statues, fountains, ponds and a bandstand were introduced. This broadly reflected the rise of the Public Parks Movement in England, and elsewhere in Sydney - with Parramatta Park being declared a public park in the mid 1850s after much lobbying.[23][2][24] In the 1850s civic monuments began to be erected in the park. The first in 1857 was the Thornton Obelisk. It is also irreverently known as 'Thornton's Scent Bottle'[13] constructed on the park's western side entrance facing Bathurst Street (intersection with Elizabeth St.). This is actually a sewerage ventilator, made to appear like Cleopatra's Needle, an Egyptian Obelisk now displayed in London (ibid).[2] In the 1850s with the coming of responsible government, Hyde Park became a venue for Sunday oratory on political and civic topics, and later election meetings. It was also used for processions and official gatherings such as the ball to welcome Queen Victoria's son Prince Alfred in 1868. Its 19th century layout featured straight paths rather than curved ones, with the central avenue of Moreton Bay fig trees continuing the line of Macquarie Street southward. Elsewhere lawns were interspersed with clumps of trees and shrubs, water features and a bandstand.[13][2] In 1861 planting was undertaken, predominantly along pathways. Moreton Bay (Ficus macrophylla) and Port Jackson (F.rubiginosa) figs were planted in Hyde Park in 1862[25](1860 say Mackaness & Butler-Bowden, 2007, 72) on the advice of Director of the Botanic Gardens, Charles Moore. Despite removal of an earlier central avenue of Moreton Bay figs, other specimens of both of these species survive from this era.[2] In 1866 the parkland was enclosed with a two-railed hardwood fence. A bronze statue of Queen Victoria's husband, Prince Albert, was erected in 1866 five years after his death. This was moved to the Botanic Gardens in 1922 and relocated in front of Hyde Park Barracks in 1987.[13][2] After the 1851 Great Exhibition in Joseph Paxton's Crystal Palace, held in London's Hyde Park, and the first Australian Colonial Exhibition in Melbourne in 1854, Sydney also held a more modest exhibition in the Museum to display exhibits destined for Paris (the 1855 International Exhibition) or Melbourne (1861). Victoria also hosted Australia's earliest intercolonial exhibition, in Melbourne (1866-7), again preceding a major international exhibition in Paris (1867). Even if a railway station was not erected on Hyde Park (as had been suggested) or even used at all for an exhibition, the proximity of the railway station and exhibition hall was seen as a necessity for practical and symbolic reasons. Ease of transport was vital for a successful show but so was the powerful symbolism of the "iron horse", with its prefabricated iron railway tracks symptomatic of an age that had produced the Crystal Palace. Encouraged by the success of the first Sydney exhibition of the Agricultural Society of NSW in 1869, Prince Alfred Park was chosen as the site of the grand "Metropolitan Intercolonial Exhibition" of 1870.[26][2] To Sydney's chagrin, the Melbourne exhibition was a great success and the "mother colony" looked anxiously to the day when she could respond with a confident rejoinder. The centenary of Cook's "discovery" of Australia of 1770 was seen as a suitable commemorative event and Hyde Park, Sydney considered an appropriate site. A proposal to erect a new central railway station and use the hall for the exhibition, was considered[2] A c. 1870 painting by Thomas H. Lewis showed Merry Cricket Club Matches in Hyde Park's north - the park was apparently only planted from Park Street south if the painting was accurate.[27][2] In 1871 additional planting was undertaken. In 1876 the parkland was redefined and enclosed with a dwarf stone wall and iron palisade fence. In 1878 Hyde Park was formally delineated, its corners demarcated with gates and sandstone piers surmounted by gas lamps.[2] Hyde Park in 1934 from above. In 1878 the Great Synagogue was built on Elizabeth Street facing Hyde Park.[16]:60 Beyond (i.e. south of) the Synagogue the character of Elizabeth Street became somewhat less exclusive. By 1900, pubs and the odd private club - including Tattersall's bookmakers club - were a feature of the street.[28] In 1879 (on the centenary of Cook's death) the Captain Cook statue was erected, on a stone base that had been erected in 1869. It stands on the highest point in the park. Its sculptor was Thomas Woolmer who was prominent in the English pre-Raphaelite movement and who spent several years in Australia.[13] From 1878 to 1896 Sydney Botanic Gardens Director Charles Moore was appointed a trustee of Hyde Park. A Cook's pine tree (Araucaria columnaris) flanks the statue.[29][2] In 1881 the Frazer Memorial Fountain, one of two donated to the city by merchant and MLC John Frazer[13] (the second fountain is in the middle of Prince Albert Road at the intersection with Art Gallery Road and St. Mary's Road). The fountain was designed by John F. Hennessy as assistant to the City Architect, Charles Sapford) was sited at Hyde Park on the corner of Oxford and College Street. This was one of the first sources of clean water for Sydney and a population meeting point in the park. The original design featured cups dangling from the large water basin for people to take a drink. The taps were bronze and in the shape of a dolphin.[30][2] Also in 1888 the Fort Macquarie Cannon (c. 1810s) was placed in the park.[2] In 1888 the John Baptist Memorial Fountain was sited at Hyde Park, in a different location to its current one near the corner of Park & Elizabeth Streets. Early photographs (pre c.1910) show it on an "x" intersection of two paths, and surrounded by a metal picket fence.[31] Baptist was an early and influential nursery proprietor in Sydney whose nursery "The Garden" in Surry Hills was successful. He was a generous benefactor, donating a fountain to Redfern Park.[2] This fountain was commissioned for "The Garden" nursery. It was donated by his family to the City for Hyde Park on the centenary of the European settlement of Australia – at this time Australia's premier park had no fountain. While its origin is uncertain – it seems to be a locally made copy (in sandstone) after an 1842 English design – since the 1830s catalogues of the English firm Austin and Seeley had carried descriptions of fountains made of artificial stone and J.C.Loudon had advocated installing jetting fountains. A popular theme was three dolphins or carp on rockwork, their tails holding up the shell-shaped basin....[32] It also appears to be the earliest surviving ornamental (c.f. drinking) fountain in Sydney. Elizabeth Bay House's fountain is believed an earlier import. Government House's and Vaucluse House's – almost identical – were installed in the 1860s. In c. 2007 Sydney City Council removed the sandstone pedestal (with three triton fish forming a tapering spout) for conservation and safekeeping. The base remains in situ. The current management plan proposes its reinstallation and repair.[33][2] In 1897 a bronze statue was erected by public subscription to commemorate the populist political William Bede Dalley (1831–88) near the north-east corner of the park near Prince Albert Road.[13][2] Developments from 1900 to 1930 The park in 1930. Director of the Botanic Gardens, Joseph Henry Maiden compiled a 42-page paper on "The Parks of Sydney" which he delivered to the Royal Society on 4 June 1902. Providing a schedule of Sydney's 207 "Public Parks and Recreation Reserves" set aside between January 1855 and April 1902, Maiden dealt with their administration, and how they were (or should be) planted, fenced and provided with paths, roads, seats, lights and other facilities, such as latrines, which were now provided "for women and children" in the Botanic Gardens, but not yet "in our parks, so far as I am aware". Maiden stressed that above all, 'in this democratic country, parks "should be inviolable". Their inalienability had to be rigorously guarded. He noted that fortunately "the battle of Hyde Park has been fought and won. Hyde Park will be immune from the builder and the railway constructor for a century, and if for so long, then it is safe for all time. For each generation is wiser than the preceding one...". He may, in retrospect, have been over-optimistic on these last two points.[2] After addressing the Royal Society, Maiden was asked by Sydney Council to report on the state of the reserves within the city. He furnished an interim report in July 1903, before he had inspected Prince Alfred and Moore Parks, but many of his suggestions were of a general nature. The council should appoint a superintendent of parks: "trained professional gardeners, not labourers or handy men" should comprise the core of the staff; a nursery and depot were required; etc. With improvements, Elizabeth Street could become "the noblest street in Sydney"...More latrines were generally needed, and if "a convenience for females" were provided in Hyde Park, say near Park Street, it would, I feel sure be a boon'. His report went to Council in August 1903.[34][2] Control of Hyde Park was vested by the Department of Lands in the then Sydney Municipal Council in 1904. A programme of upgrading began.[13] By 1905 illumination of the whole of Hyde Park had been completed.[35][2] In 1908 Hyde Park was redefined following the widening of Elizabeth and Liverpool Streets by 5.5 metres (18 ft) and 4.6 metres (15 ft). In 1910 a bus shelter was constructed.[2] In 1910 Sydney's first women's public lavatory was built in the park near the corner of Park and Elizabeth Streets. It was considered a "failure" by Council due to low usage and was replaced in 1955.[13] In 1912 the park was redefined following the widening of College Street. Mark Foys Emporium (south-west corner of Liverpool & Elizabeth Streets) was built in 1909 opposite the park. This was one of the largest and grandest department stores in the city, growing over time to six stories. When trains (i.e. after 1926) were the most popular method of goring to town the store thrived because of its proximity to the underground railway station.[2][36] In 1914 the sundial was repaired (its date of erection is not known).[2] In 1916 Hyde Park was redefined following the widening of Park Street. In 1917 the Frazer Memorial Fountain was relocated to the north-east corner of the Pool of Remembrance. The Emden gun, a four-inch gun salvaged from the German raider ship sunk off the Cocos Islands by HMAS Sydney in 1914, the first Australian naval ship to ship victory and one of the nation's earliest war trophies, was gifted from the Commonwealth Government and sited at Hyde Park on the corner of Oxford and College Streets.[13][37] In 1919 the bronze statue of scholar, patriot and politician William Bede Dalley was erected by public subscription in the park's north-east near Hyde Park Barracks.[2] An underground railway for the city was planned in 1916 but did not proceed until 1922. The idea of building an underground rail network for Sydney was first mooted by engineer and Harbour Bridge designer Dr John Bradfield in 1913. Government approved it and in 1916 work began on the first leg from Central to Museum and St. James. Part of the park was fenced in 1916, however from 1922 onwards major excavation began and much of the western side and part of the centre of Hyde Park North was refashioned after construction commenced. Excavation began with the felling of the main avenue's Moreton Bay fig trees.[13][2] World War 1 brought a halt but in 1922 the project resumed in earnest. Most of the construction of Liverpool Street Station (now Museum) station was done by horsepower and hand. According to The Sydney Morning Herald, 21 May 1929 the southern end of the park (Anzac Memorial) was a mountain of excavated soil and the south-west corner had been a railway construction site for more than 12 years![23] This necessitated massive excavations and vast disturbance over five years (1924-9) involving a huge army of workmen and the moving of an enormous amount of soil, shale and sandstone. This was one of the major urban projects of the Depression years.[2][7]:7 The rail system was officially opened in December 1926. The first electric trains ran between Central, Museum and St. James.[22][2] Following concern about the park's future development during and after the railway construction disruption, Sydney City Council in 1927 held a design competition "for a comprehensive layout and beautification scheme" for a restored and refurbished Hyde Park (along with 'up-to-date lines'). The competition was run probably to allay fears that the park would be closed to the public for years more, as well as to put pressure on the Railway Commissioners.[2] It was won by architect, planner, landscape designer and engineer Norman Weekes (1888-1972) with a finely delineated design drawn by young architect Raymond McGrath (1903–77) and influenced by the "City Beautiful" movement.[13] This design evolved with the active criticism of the assessors, architect and town planner John (later Sir) Sulman, architect Alfred Hook (Associate Professor of Construction, Architecture Faculty, Sydney University) and Town Clerk (and closely involved in the park's management) W. G. Layton, who wrote a masterly report assessing the design, pointing out its shortcomings and enunciating the design philosophy followed. Landscape historian Georgina Whitehead describes Weekes' design as an accomplished melange of modern City Beautiful, Beaux Artes and Art Deco inspiration.[38][2] Their report stated (inter alia) that a "park laid out on the above lines (a hierarchy of traffic ways, lined with and shaded by trees, expanses of lawn, restrained fountains and monuments) and ...would be dignified, useful, a pleasure to the citizens and an object of admiration to visitors, as they are in the principal cities of Europe. Hyde Park properly treated may thus take its place among those of the leading cities of the world".[23] Weekes' design was simplified. Importing fertile soil was the first priority.[13][2] Part of the vision was to place major monuments at each end of the main vista aligned with Macquarie Street, which ultimately saw the Anzac Memorial and Archibald Fountain installed.[11][2] In the 1920s the Oddfellows Memorial, an elaborate drinking fountain commemorating members of the Grand United Order of Oddfellows who served and died in World War 1, was built near the northern corner of Park and Elizabeth Streets.[13][2] 1927 also saw the opening of David Jones Department store on the corner of Market and Elizabeth Streets, directly opposite the park and St. James Station entry.[39][2] 1929 saw the American stock market crash, with reverberations around the world's financial markets, triggering widespread unemployment.[2] Hyde Park and the city skyline, viewed from St Mary's Cathedral, taken around 1915. Developments since the 1930s View of Sydney from Sydney Tower with the park at the bottom. In 1930 an Anzac Memorial competition to commemorate Australian diggers who served in World War I was won by architect C. Brice Dellit. Its construction would take four years.[40][2] In 1932 Hyde Park's perimeter walls were built to a new design and the British Lawn on the north part of the park's eastern boundary facing St.Mary's Cathedral, Sandringham Gardens and Memorial Gates (on the corner of College and Park Streets (north).[2] A climax at the park's northern end is the Archibald Fountain, a flamboyant 1932 erection set in a large pond depicting a bronze Apollo and other gods and mythological creatures such as Poseidon (God of the sea), Diana (the huntress), Theseus and the Minotaur and Jason and the Golden Fleece. This was bequeathed in 1919 to Sydney by J.F.Archibald, to commemorate the association of Australia and France during World War 1 and was designed by (and regarded as the master work of) French sculptor Francois Sicard. Archibald was editor of The Bulletin, a newspaper that encouraged writers in the 1890s onward to write about Australia: he himself was a committed Francophile, supporting a near-French styled beard and changing his name twice: from John Felham to Jules Francois (Archibald). He dreamed of a Sydney developed along Parisian lines, with outdoor cafes and music in the streets. Henry Lawson wanted red flags: Archibald red umbrellas.[41][2] There was a move to include native plants and E.H.Ward, curator of Sydney Botanic Gardens, became the chief adviser - he was responsible for the planting of the great, dense avenue of Hill's figs (Ficus microcarpa var. 'Hillii'). This ran along the central walkway aligned with Macquarie Street, and was established as its major axis. Desirable attributes were listed: the need for shade, restriction of plant species, open grassed areas rather than shrubberies. Specimen trees were considered 'out of place'; flower beds were tolerated in restraint.[2] The desired quality was "quietude" - the park would be a haven from the bustle and noise of the city. Trams and buses, routed through the park by Weekes, were eliminated.[2] Civic monuments were thought appropriate and two of the most successful of the period were attracted - the Archibald Fountain at the northern end and the Anzac Memorial (1930–34) at the southern end: an inspired Art Deco monument of blocky, buttressed forms. With fine sculptures under English migrant sculptor Raynor Hoff's direction, its symbolism departed from neo-classical forms used in many war memorials and incorporated symbols special to Australia - such as the rising sun and figures of brooding servicemen- which gave the monumental strength to the large granite sculpture.[11] Its modernity and the emphasis (sculpture and friezes) on women, made it controversial. Photographer Harold Cazneaux depicted its new setting, "Pool of Reflection" and lines of then Lombardy poplars (Populus nigra 'Italica') in 1934.[41][2] A 1930 photograph shows mostly only small trees in the park with the Hills fig avenue newly planted. Bandstands were scattered throughout the city and were popular for lunchtime concerts, particularly in the depression when unemployed people abounded. One was located near the cnr. of Park and College Streets (north) - which was demolished to create (in 1951) the Sandringham Gardens and memorial gates to Kings George V and VI.[42][2] Much of the construction of the park was assisted (through the 1930s) with labour employed as part of the Depression Relief Fund Programme, which was also responsible for the 1934 construction of the Anzac Memorial's Pool of Remembrance. Also in 1934 the Frazer Memorial Fountain was relocated to its current location, close to the entry steps facing College and Francis Streets, near Sydney Grammar School. In this same year St. James Station and Museum Station were constructed, both with entries/exits in Hyde Park south and north.[2] In 1934 entry and exits to St. James and Museum Stations in Hyde Park South and North were built, as the southern portion of Hyde Park was only handed back to Sydney City Council in 1932.[43][2] In the 1960s an outdoor cafe was constructed behind (north-east) of Museum Station entry building, by Sydney City Council. Design of cafe and landscaping were the work of Ilmars Berzins, SCC landscape architect.[44][2] In the 1950s Hyde Park saw the introduction on Park Street (in the north-western corner of the park's southern half) of the Long Day Childcare and the Women's Rest Centre conveniences for women and their children visiting the city. This replaced the earlier Women's Public Toilets. In 1954 Queen Elizabeth II dedicated Sandringham Memorial Gardens, designed by Ilmars Berzins, commemorating King George VI (her father, the former King) and the Royal Family's Scottish rural retreat.[2] In 1983 the Nagoya gardens were constructed in Hyde Park North, commemorating a sister city friendship. Busby's Bore fountain was erected in the same year and slightly to the north-west near the Supreme Court part of the park.[2] In the late 1980s the city council saw a need to reassess the park and improve condition of a number of its elements: plantings, walls, paths and monuments. A draft plan of management and master plan were produced in 1989. Through the early 1990s a works programme was implemented to upgrade paths, conserve monuments and stone walls and built new stone walls along College Street in Hyde Park South. The works depot was removed from the eastern side of the main avenue of Hyde Park north in this period.[45][2] In 1999 the men's conveniences at St. James Station were converted into a cafe facing the park's north-western corner (off Market Street/Elizabeth Street intersection). Nagoya Gardens were upgrade.[2] In 2004-5 an arboriculture survey of the park was undertaken, after an outbreak of fungal attack meant the need to remove some of the park's central avenue of Hill's figs (Ficus microcarpa 'Hillii'). In 2006 a plan of management and Tree management report were adopted by Council and the Crown.[2] In 2012 ongoing tree management works were undertaken.[2] On 15 September 2012, a protest by Salafi Muslims against an anti-Islam film Innocence of Muslims was held at Hyde Park, among other places in Sydney CBD, where around 300 people had gathered.[46][47] As the crowd started to leave Hyde Park near St James, Public Order and Riot Squad officers equipped with batons and riot shields had already been stationed at the park exit.[48][49] On 31 March 2015 a War Memorial to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander soldiers was unveiled in Hyde Park South, close to Bathurst and Elizabeth Streets. Designed by indigenous artist Tony Albert it features four 7 metres (23 ft) tall, 1.5-tonne (1.5-long-ton; 1.7-short-ton) bullets and three fallen shells, representing diggers who returned and those who did not. The work was inspired by Albert's grandfather's story of survival and experiences escaping a German concentration camp in World War II.[50][2] In February 2016 Sydney City Council proposes restoring the Frazer Memorial Fountain (1881) with a new base, plinth and steps and its impressive filigree works restored. Restoration is expected to take place later in 2016.[51][2] Sporting activities Many sports were played at Hyde Park, including cricket, rugby, horse racing, quoits and hurling. Sports people using the park grounds had to share it with the military, who trained on it and practised drill work, the general public, who cut paths across the playing fields, stray dogs, cattle, goats, sheep and other animals. Their activities sometimes clashed. The quoit players, in particular, used an area close to the cricket pitch and often damaged it.[12] Horse racing Hyde Park, looking towards the corner of College and William Streets, circa 1900. Seven Arab horses taken on board the First Fleet at the Cape Colony (now South Africa) were the first horses to be brought to Australia. The first thoroughbred to be brought to Australia was Rockingham in 1799. By 1800 there were 200 horses in the colony which grew to 1100 by 1810. A race ground on the Hawkesbury River near Richmond was probably Australia's first racecourse being used as early as 1806. Match races were run there as part of a holiday at Parramatta in April 1810. Only two days after Governor Macquarie dedicated Hyde Park for 'recreation and amusement' it became the site of Australia's first official horse race meeting organised on 15, 17 and 19 October 1810 by the officers of the 73rd Regiment (Macquarie's regiment). The meetings to devise the rules and organise the event were held in the officers' mess and many of the horses were owned by the officers. The race meeting consisted of a series of heats with weights set depending on the sex and age of a horse. There were also a number of match races between two horses and sweepstake prizes offered. Governor Macquarie himself attended each day of the meeting. This format for race meetings was followed in the colony for the next 50 years. Owners mostly rode their own horses and the courses were marked by flags and posts. Novelty events were often included. Meetings continued to be held at Hyde Park up until the formation of the Sydney Turf Club in 1825 when they were moved to the 'Bellevue' course. Meetings were also run at Parramatta and Camperdown. The Australian Racing and Jockey Club was formed in 1828 with the encouragement of Governor Darling but the colony could not support two race clubs and both folded in 1831.[52] Cricket Although some research indicates that cricket was played before 1803 at the southern end of the Common near where the War Memorial is today, the first confirmed match took place on the Common in 1803. The players were the civilians and officers from the supply ship Calcutta. The cricket ground was laid out in the north-western section of the park (just behind the current entrance to St James railway station) and all major games were played there until 1856. The first fully recorded match took place in Hyde Park between the 17th and 39th Regiments on 7 May 1832. However, by the 1850s running problems with other users of the Park, the public, the military and players of other sports, ultimately caused cricket matches to be moved to the Domain where unfortunately, similar problems were also encountered.[53] Boxing Organised bareknuckle fights were probably common in the early colony and officers of the NSW Corps were known to have arranged fights between convicts. The first recorded fight took place on the road to Botany about half a mile from the Racecourse in 1814. This would put it near the current location of the War Memorial. As if the boxing bout was not enough, the combatants, John Berringer (also known as John Parton) and Charles Sefton, were first required to run a mile. Both Berrenger and Sefton has been sentenced to death in Britain but had their sentences commuted to transportation to NSW. The fight lasted 56 rounds and was won by Berringer. Rugby On 17 June 1865 the first known rugby match to be played in Australia took place in Hyde Park between members of Australia's first rugby club, the Sydney Football Club, which had been established that month. In the July that year, the Sydney Club played the Australian Club in Hyde Park, in the first inter-club game. In 1856, Hyde Park was turned into public gardens and sporting activity all but ceased. Cricket and football clubs had to find other places to play. Cricket was played at the Domain and both sports were also played at Moore Park and the Garrison Ground (now the Sydney Cricket Ground). Description Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap Interactive map Hyde Park is in the City of Sydney's south-centre, lying broadly on the ridge that runs south–north to Bennelong Point and forming the city's eastern "edge". The park is broadly flat, though sloping slightly east and west to the adjacent streets (College & Elizabeth Streets).[2] The park is pock marked with drain lids, many of which lead down to Busby's Bore, the first large-scale attempt at a water source system after backing-up the Tank Stream, the Sydney colony's primary water source. Busby's Bore was built between 1827 and 1837 using convict labour and fresh water from Lachlan Swamp (later known as Centennial Park) to the city.[12] Hyde Park is broadly rectangular with a rounded northern end. It is bisected east–west by Park Street and ringed by other major city streets (Liverpool and College Streets, Prince Albert Road, St.James' Road, Elizabeth Street) and stands in strong contrast to the closely built-up and intense environment of the city beside it. Its landscape design offers shady avenues, green sward areas and colourful vistas. Its layout and monuments offer a sense of the city's and nation's history and its design reflects certain aspirations which have found expressions in its vistas, layout and monuments. The park is centred on its great shaded promenade under magnificent mature Hill's figs (Ficus microcarpa var. Hillii). Dense and lacy, these trees have grown tall and now dominate the planting and design, despite some having to be removed due to fungus attack in recent years. A climax at each end of the park is provided by the two major monuments of the Archibald Fountain at the northern and most populous end and by the solid bulk of the Anzac Memorial at the southern end. These two monuments are of essential importance to the park's design and character.[2] The Park is an accomplished melange of modern City Beautiful, Beaux Artes and Art Deco inspiration.[38] A series of cross paths, perpendicular and angled to the central promenade, connect city streets to its north, west and south with key streets leading to the suburbs of Woolloomooloo, East Sydney and Darlinghurst to the east. The two major east–west perpendicular paths in the park's north lead from Market Street to the Archibald Fountain, and from this to St. Mary's Cathedral. Major perpendicular east–west paths in the park's south run east from Bathurst Street past the obelisk and crossing the northern end of the paved plaza north of the Anzac Memorial and reflective pool (to Sydney Grammar School); and another bisecting the Anzac Memorial and connecting directly with Francis Street to the park's east.[2] Flights of steps lead down from the central promenade to Park Street which bisects the two halves of the park. Other flights of steps lead diagonally off both north and south-eastern corners off Park Street, the entry opposite Francis Street, as both Park and College Streets are at a lower level than much of the adjacent park (or its ridge). Broadly both halves (running north–south) of the park are grassed areas, with scattered trees mostly framing and following cross paths. Wide paved areas surround both the Archibald Fountain and the Anzac Memorial. A rectangular Pool of Remembrance is set among a wide paved area north of (and on all sides of) the Anzac Memorial, the pool's edges being lined with fastigiate poplar trees (Populus alba "Fastigiata" which replaced earlier Lombardy poplars (P.nigra 'Italica').[2] A series of monuments throughout the park form features of different compartments, as follows: (NB: this may not be complete list):[2] North-west (St.James' Road to Park Street) St.James Station entry (northern, to St.James' Road) Sundial (date not known, pre 1914, designer?) Busby's Bore Fountain (1962, John Byrom) The Nagoya Gardens (1964, designers?, upgraded 1999) A giant chess board set in paving (1972, designer?) A former toilet block, now a cafe (1999) backing onto an entry/exit (to Market Street) of the St. James underground Railway station (1934) F. J. Walker Memorial Fountain - (1961, Gerard Havekes) John Baptist Fountain (c. 1842, relocated to park 1888, designer unknown - likely a home-made copy after an English design) Former Tram Shelter (Kiosk) Oddfellows Memorial (War Memorial)(near cnr.Park/Elizabeth St.s)(1920s) Underground Gentlemen's Toilets (filled/unused) facing Park Street[2] North-east (Prince Albert Road to Park Street) Archibald Fountain[54] William Bede Dalley statue (1919, sculptor?) Fort Macquarie Cannon (opp. St.Mary's Road)(1810s) British Lawn (1932) Sandringham Gardens & Memorial Gates (1951 Ilmar Berzins, SCC)[2] South-west (Park- Liverpool Streets) Thornton Obelisk (Sydney Water Sewer ventilator)(1857, ?) Museum Station entry building, and cafe (cnr.Elizabeth/Liverpool Sts) Anzac Memorial[55] Pool of Remembrance (1934, Dellit?)[2] South-east (Park-Liverpool Streets) Captain Cook Statue (1879 on 1869 base, Thomas Woolmer (UK) Frazer Memorial Fountain (1881, John F.Hennessy, as assistant to City Architect, Charles Sapford)(moved three times since, in the park) Emden Gun (1914, a 1917 gift from the Commonwealth Government).[2] Condition As at 9 June 2011, much of the park was dug up in the 1920s to install the City Underground Railway including Museum Station in the park's south-western quarter (with two exits to cnr. Liverpool/Elizabeth St.s and to near Bathurst Street) and St. James Station north of the Archibald Fountain with two exits, one to Market Street, the other under St. James' Road to its northern side outside the park boundary.[2] As an open space area, Hyde Park has been subject to various attacks by contending uses: residential, active recreation, passive recreation, infrastructure, etc.). Various encroachments have appeared from time to time, buildings for particular purposes, outlets for Sydney water supply, road widening around and through it and, most dramatically, the huge upheaval of the City Underground Railway construction with massive excavation through its length and breadth (1916 fencing, 1922+ excavation).[2] Even though it evolved during a period when informal landscape planning dominated the English-speaking world, and even though some informal elements have been introduced to its design, it has remained Sydney's major formal urban landscape. It is this formal quality which gives it its strength and memorability.[2] Much of the park reflects its 1926 competition design with some modifications between 1927-c.1930. Recent (1990-2010) changes have been relatively minor - one more noticeable one being removal of 13 Hill's fig trees from the northern end (around the Archibold Fountain) due to fungal attack. Another change of note has been removal of the c. 1950s day care/women's rest centre building in the late 1990s and re-grassing of that north-western corner of the southern half of the park. Changes to Gallipoli Gardens plantings around the Anzac Memorial, minor pathway upgrades and recent works to install cycle lane along the park's eastern side on College Street have meant minor incursions and changes there.[2] Modifications and dates 1788-1810 – clearing for firewood, grazing 1810 – fencing; racecourse (originally roughly 22ha/56 acres, including Elizabeth and most of College Street, i.e. 30% larger than today) 1830s – extension of Park Street 1832 – Macquarie Street extended south through the park 1837 – elevated pipe outlet for Busby's Bore water supply 1849 – zoo 1851 – Macquarie Street extension closed again, "Lovers" Lane' walk created 1854+ – pressure for passive recreation/improvement, planting, walks; Park Street created bisecting park and four "quarters" formed 1857 – sewer vent/obelisk erected on Bathurst/Elizabeth Street side 1862 – Moreton Bay (Ficus macrophylla) and Port Jackson (F.rubiginosa) figs planted[25] on Charles Moore's advice. Despite 1920s upheavals, and removal of the original central avenue of Moreton Bay figs, some of these still remain elsewhere in the park 1916-26 – major upheaval and recreation of the park after creation of the underground railway loop. St. James & Museum stations/entries 1927 – hills fig avenue created along central axis 1930-34 – Anzac Memorial and Pool of Remembrance constructed 1932 – Archibald Fountain and surrounds created 1951 – demolition of bandstand, creation of Sandringham Gardens 1955 – demolition of women's toilet, creation of Long Day Childcare and Women's Rest Centre 196 – Nagoya Gardens created 1990-1999 – various modifications to pathways, entries, plantings, creation of cafe in former toilet part of St. James Station entry 2000 – demolition of Long Day Childcare/Women's Rest Centre 2006 – removal of 13 Hills figs due to fungus and soil problems c. 2007 – removal for safe-keeping/conservation of sandstone pedestal of the John Baptist Memorial Fountain (still yet to be reinstated) c. 2009 – changes to south-east corner (Liverpool/College Sts) 2010 – changes to eastern side to accommodate road/cycle path works[2] Monuments Archibald Fountain Memorial Pond The centrepiece of Hyde Park is the Archibald Fountain. The fountain was designed by François-Léon Sicard and bequeathed by J. F. Archibald in 1932 in honour of Australia's contribution to World War I in France. The fountain features in the notable Australian B-grade horror film Howling III: The Marsupials (1987). Also at the northern end are the Nagoya Gardens featuring a giant outdoor chess set and the entrance to the underground St James railway station. Adjacent to College Street and the Australian Museum lies the Sandringham Garden. This colonnaded, sunken garden was opened by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II as a memorial to Kings George V and George VI. At the park's southern end is the ANZAC War Memorial behind the Pool of Reflection and the entrances to the Museum railway station. A monument consisting of a 105-millimetre (4.1 in) gun from the German light cruiser SMS Emden stands at Whitlam Square, at the south-eastern, Oxford Street entry of the park. It was built as a memorial to the Australian Imperial Force of World War I. Fund raising for a memorial began on 25 April 1916, the first anniversary of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) landing at Anzac Cove for the Battle of Gallipoli.[56] It was opened on 24 November 1934 by His Royal Highness Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester. ANZAC War Memorial Close to the ANZAC Memorial in the southern end of the park is Yininmadyemi - Thou didst let fall, a public artwork that acknowledges the service of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men and women in the Australian Defence Force. The artwork by Indigenous Australian artist Tony Albert was unveiled on 31 March 2015 and was commissioned by the City of Sydney as part of its Eora Journey public art initiative. The western, or Elizabeth Street side, at the Bathurst Street entrance of the park sits beside the 22-metre (72 ft) Obelisk decorated with Egyptian features. It was erected in 1857 and unveiled by the then Mayor, George Thornton. However, the monument is actually a sewer vent, and soon the joke around town was to call it Thornton's Scent Bottle.[57] Further south from here is another Middle Eastern inspired monument by the Independent Order of Odd Fellows dedicated to the fallen Sydneysiders of the Great War. In the northeastern sector, of the southern half of the park, there is a monument to Captain James Cook, erected to commemorate Cook's discovery of the east coast of Australia in 1770. The sculptor was Thomas Woolner (17 December 1825 – 7 October 1892) and the statue was cast by Cox & Sons, at its Thames Ditton Foundry, Surrey, England. Vegetation An expansive avenue of Hill's Weeping Figs (Ficus microcarpa), which are the predominant trees in the park planted from the 1930s, run from St James Road to Park Street (Hyde Park North) and continue on to the Pool of Reflection (Hyde Park South). There are a number of Moreton Bay Figs and Port Jackson Figs. Minority tree species found in the park include:[1] Moreton Bay Fig Two conifers in foreground Araucaria cunninghamii Araucaria columnaris Agathis robusta Pinus roxburghii Stenocarpus sinuatus Ficus religiosa Lophostemon confertus Platanus x acerifolia Afrocarpus falcatus Quercus ilex Quercus robur Washingtonia robusta Phoenix canariensis Phoenix reclinata Phoenix dactylifera Phoenix rupicola Butia capitata Livistona australis Between 2004 and 2005 a number of disease-affected trees were discovered and felled.[58] Following investigations a significant proportion of the trees were found to be infected with three different fungi. In 2006, a Tree Management Plan recommended the removal of about 230 diseased trees to be progressively replaced over time, and aimed to keep the majority of the park's trees for as long as possible by increasing the ratio of examinations and mending. Heritage listing As at 17 August 2011, Hyde Park has State significance as public land (the Australian colony's first common) that has influenced the development of Sydney's layout from as early as 1789, occupying approximately the same site since that time. Proclaimed by Governor Macquarie, it is Australia's oldest designated public parkland (1810), and has been continuously used from 1788 for public open space, recreation, remembrance, celebration and leisure. Hyde Park has contributed to the cultural development of the city as a recreational space encapsulating the principles of a Victorian parkland through the use of a hierarchy of pathways and the strategic siting of monuments, statues and built items. It is of State significance as a demonstration of the international spread of the English public parks movement originating in the mid-19th century. It provides evidence of the influence of transport infrastructure on urbanisation by its upheaval and re-creation after construction of the city underground railway in the 1920s. It was site of some of Australia's first sporting events, and remains the prime open space in Sydney for special events, protests and festivals as it has been since 1810. The Park contains a collection of monuments and sculptures which mark key events and personalities in the history of the State including war memorials and significant artistic works.[2] Hyde Park, Sydney was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 13 December 2011 having satisfied the following criteria.[2] The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales. Hyde Park has State historical significance as Australia's oldest public park. It is a surviving part of the nation's first public common on land consciously set aside as public open space in the urban context. It has been continuously used from 1788 for public recreation, remembrance, celebration and leisure. Its historical development provides evidence of the spread of the public parks movement which saw the emergence of deliberately designed public parks in the mid- to late 19th century, while the influence of transport infrastructure on urbanisation is demonstrated in its upheaval and recreation after construction of the city underground railway. The site of some of Australia's first sporting events, Hyde Park remains the prime open space in Sydney for special events, protests and festivals as it has been since its gazettal in 1810. It also provides a record of some of Australia's earliest involvement in war through monuments such as the Emden Gun.[2] The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history. Hyde Park is associated with the Aboriginal people of the Sydney Region for its believed use as a contest ground. Hyde Park has State significance for it associations with a number of influential men responsible for the creation, design and development of Hyde Park. Governor Phillip, Governor Macquarie and Colonial Architect Francis Greenway all contributed to activities which contributed to the declaration of the Commonl and its eventual gazettal in 1810, as well as the earliest although unrealised design concepts for the park. Several key personalities in Sydney and NSW landscape design and architecture played key roles in both the design and implementation of the park throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Among these were the early Directors of the Sydney Botanic Gardens Alan Cunningham (1837) and Charles Moore who provided planting advice that would shape the early development of the park. In the twentieth century designer Norman Weekes, the 1926 design competition winner and competition assessors Sir John Sulman (architect), Alfred Hook (architect) and Town Clerk W.G. Layton were instrumental in the implementation of the redesign and beautification of Hyde Park following the massive excavations and disturbance of the park associated with the construction of part of what later became the City Circle Railway line from 1922.[2] The monuments and sculptures in Hyde Park not only create a visually interesting outdoor gallery, but bring with them important associations with artists and designers. Among them are French sculptor Francois Sicard and Bulletin magazine editor Frank Archibald (1932 installation of Archibald Fountain), architect C. Bruce Dellitt and sculptor Raynor Hoff (Anzac Memorial), and landscape architect Ilmar Berzins (Sandringham Gardens).[2] The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales. Hyde Park has State significance as Australia's premier example of a formal public park in a highly urban situation. It is an early example of a park whose design was based upon a public open space design competition with adjustments made by the judging panel. It contains a number of significant memorials, which make important contributions to the aesthetics of Hyde Park. Of these, the ANZAC Memorial and the Archibald Fountain also have independent heritage values. The memorial and the fountain have significant design influence on the layout and physical character of the Park and the City of Sydney, with the Anzac Memorial positioned on a major axis linked to the Archibald Fountain.[2] The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons. Hyde Park has State social significance as the setting of the Anzac Memorial which has special association with the families of servicemen and women killed in the Anzac Gallipoli campaigns of the First World War. Additional memorials have smaller scale significance of this nature, such as the Emden Gun[2] Hyde Park has State social significance to the people of Sydney and NSW as a site of ongoing public recreation and major events, parades and celebrations that have continue to be held there since the park's inception. This significance is emphasised by the fact that these events take place in the state's oldest public park which has been in continuous use since European settlement in 1788.[2] The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales. Hyde Park has State significance as one of only two public open spaces, the other being Macquarie Place, dating to 1810 under Governor Macquarie. It is rare as a formally structured Australian urban park, created in an age when informal park layouts were more common. It contains rare design work in a public space by architect and landscape architect Norman Weekes, while the work of landscape architect Ilmar Berzins is one of only four known surviving works by Berzins in NSW. The other three examples are Arthur MacElhone Reserve, Elizabeth Bay; Fitzroy Gardens, Kings Cross and Duntryleague Golf Course, Orange. Sculptural and monumental work in the park also have State rarity values. The John Baptist Fountain created c. 1842 and erected in Hyde Park in 1888 is the oldest surviving ornamental fountain in Sydney. The Archibald Fountain is possibly the only example of the master work of French sculptor Francois Sicard in Australia.[2] The Emden Gun has state significance as the first naval trophy of World War One from the Royal Australian Navy's first ship to ship battle and one of only four salvaged from the SMS Emden. It is also believed to be the first gun to be utilised for memorial purposes in NSW and the first naval war trophy of World War One. The Emden Gun has national significance as one of only a small number of war trophies captured by Australia prior to 1916 and the battles of the Western Front due to both the outcomes of those early battles and the inability of soldiers to take much with them when they withdrew from those campaigns.[2] The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales. Hyde Park is an influential public park and open space, much used, loved and copied in other urban spaces in Australian cities and towns
Look my baby Variation1
www.fotografik33.com Un Wallaby et son bébé au parc "Planete sauvage" à Nantes. Les wallabies et les autres grands marsupiaux mettent bas un ou deux petits au maximum et les portent dans une vaste poche, caractéristique des marsupiaux. Même complètement sevrés, les petits continuent à dormir ou à se laisser transporter dans la poche. La mère procède à un nettoyage de la poche marsupiale avant la mise bas, l'embryon, encore aveugle et sourd, détruit son enveloppe, sort, grimpe par reptation sur le ventre le long d'une piste tracée par la mère. Sitôt dans la poche il attrape une mamelle et commence à s'allaiter. Il reste environ 5 mois à l'abri dans cette poche. A wallaby and her baby at "Planete Sauvage" near Nantes (FRANCE). Forest-dwelling wallabies are known as "pademelons" (genus Thylogale) and "dorcopsises" (genera Dorcopsis and Dorcopsulus). The name "wallaby" comes from the Eora, who were the first human inhabitants of the Sydney area. Young wallabies are known as "joeys", like many other marsupials. Adult male wallabies are referred to as "bucks", "boomers", or "jacks". An adult female wallaby is known as a "doe", "flyer", or "jill". A group of wallabies is called a "court", "mob", or "troupe". Although members of most wallaby species are small, some can grow up to six feet in length (from head to tail). Wallabies are herbivores whose diet consists of a wide range of grasses, vegetables, leaves, and other foliage. Due to recent urbanization, many wallabies now feed in rural and urban areas. Wallabies cover vast distances for food and water, which is often scarce in their environment. Mobs of wallabies often congregate around the same water hole during the dry season. Their powerful hind legs are not only used for bounding at high speeds and jumping great heights, but also to administer vigorous kicks to fend off potential predators. Wallabies also have a powerful tail that is used mostly for balance and support.The tails are also known to knock even the strongest of predators with one tail whip Wallabies face several threats. Wild dogs, foxes, and feral cats are among the predators they face. Humans also pose a significant threat to wallabies due to increased interaction. Many wallabies have been involved in vehicular accidents as they often feed near roads and urban areas.
Mount Greville's Waterfall Gorge (Moogerah Peaks National Park, Queensland's Scenic Rim)
Local Aboriginal group, the Ugarapul, have named all of the peaks within Moogerah Peaks National Park. Mount Greville is 'Moogerah' (along with the area between the mountain peak and Cunningham's Gap also known as 'Moogerah') meaning thunder. Mount Edwards is known as 'Wummun' while Mount Moon takes its name from 'Moorm', which means 'old walkabout mountain'. It is said that when the local Aboriginal groups were searching for food along the creeks west of Minto Crags ('Whimpullin') 'old walkabout mountain' appeared to move along with them. The two peaks of Mount French are known as 'Punchagin' (the southern peak) and 'Mee-bor-rum' (the northern peak). For the Ugarapul, the area was rich in resources. Animals such as the goanna, kangaroo, wallaby and koala were hunted for food and skins. During kangaroo corroborees—which were attended by people from the Richmond River (New South Wales), the Brisbane River, Nanango, Killarney, Warwick and the Bunya Mountains—the Aboriginal group conducted wallaby drives where the women and children drove the macropods into the waiting spears of the men. Hundreds of wallabies and kangaroos were killed. During these corroborees, the much sought after brigalow spears, 'bonoorong', where traded (Steele, 1984). The peaks of Moogerah are key landmarks for the Ugarapul—each hold links to the creation of their landscape; many hold important cultural stories. When the yellow butterflies appeared, the Ugarapul knew that the bunya nuts were ready to fall from the trees. When the yellow flowers bloomed, it was a sign that 'nairrar' (bearded dragon) was full of eggs and the witchetty grubs were ready to eat. During the early exploration of the mountain ranges south-west of Brisbane, the Fassifern Valley was identified as an area ideal for agricultural settlement. In June 1827, Captain Patrick Logan, Commandant of Moreton Bay Penal Settlement, set out from Ipswich to explore the mountain range that dominated the southern skyline. Logan thought the range was the 'Mount Warning Ranges' named by Lieutenant James Cook from the 'Endeavour' in 1770. It was only when he climbed a prominent feature in the range, which he named Mount Dumaresq after Governor Darling's son-in-law, that Logan realised it was not Cook's mountain range. Ironically, at the same time that Logan had named his peak Mount Dumaresq, the explorer and botanist Alan Cunningham had used the same name for a mountain he climbed on the western side of the Great Dividing Range that same month! Not until both Cunningham's and Logan's reports reached the Sydney authorities was the coincidence discovered. As Cunningham had named his mountain first, Logan renamed his mountain in honour of Dumaresq's, country of birth—Mount French (Pugsley, 1975). Until 1842 it was illegal to occupy land within 80km of the Moreton Bay penal settlement. From this date on, station lessees began to arrive in the Fassifern area, setting up sheep and cattle runs. By 1857 three large station runs covered the whole district. Up until the 1880s, the peaks remained untouched with only a small amount of timber removed for fencing and yards. During the life of the area's timber industry, only the occasional stand of crows ash, rosewood, pine and red cedar were removed from the lower slopes of the peaks. The peaks' inaccessibility saved many undisturbed stands of timber and significant wildlife habitats. Seen as having very little agricultural, grazing or timber value, the peaks were largely left as monuments to pre-European settlement. Feral animals and inappropriate fire were the only impacts that altered the vegetation and animal populations of the peaks. Mount Greville, named by Allan Cunningham in 1828 in honour of the Scottish botanist Robert Kaye Greville, was the first of the peaks to be gazetted as national park, in 1948. Mount Moon followed in 1953. Mount Edwards, originally named Mount Banister by explorer John Oxley in 1824 and renamed by Alan Cunningham in 1828 after Lieutenant George Edwards, was gazetted in 1966 (Pfeffer, 1991). After the original proposal for a national park in 1953, a small section on Mount French was gazetted national park because of its scenic and historic values in 1967. The park grew over the following years; in 1987 the internationally known rock-climbing cliffs on the north peaks were incorporated into the park. In 1991 the park almost doubled in size—from 119ha to 225.5ha. In 1994, all of the small national park peaks were amalgamated into Moogerah Peaks National Park. Moogerah Peaks National Park was once beneath the belly of a volcano—the ancient Main Range volcano—which erupted some 24 million years ago. The eastern flank of this volcano once spread across the Fassifern Valley, probably as far as Mount Maroon, Boonah and even to Ipswich, while on the western side it spread to at least Warwick. It erupted mainly basalt lavas, which may have been as thick as 1000m near the volcano's crest. The distinct peaks of the Moogerah Peaks National Park had their origins deep below the volcano. Composed of different rock types, separated from basalt magma at great depths, they formed as plugs, dykes or sills when magma entered numerous cracks and weaknesses in underlying older rocks, as well as moving up the main vents. Prolonged erosion over 20 million years has removed mainly the eastern side of the volcano. The relatively steep slopes and greater power of the east-flowing streams rapidly eroded the volcanic lavas to create a retreating escarpment (long, cliff-like ridge), which is now the edge of today's Main Range. As the volcano and some of the underlying rocks were eroded away, any plugs, dykes or sills composed of resistant rocks—particularly those of rhyolite and trachyte—remained as steep peaks. Mount Edwards is a large trachyte plug, which formed when magma filled vertical pipe-like fissures. The plug is cut by Reynolds Creek to form the mountain's distinctive two peaks. Mounts Greville and Moon are rhyolite plugs. The deep gorges of Mount Greville were caused by the erosion of basaltic dykes (magma that forces its way across older rock strata), which offered less resistance to weathering than the rhyolite. A large crevice cutting across Mount Moon is a prominent fracture enlarged by erosion. The white rhyolite sill that is Mount French was formed when magma was forced between horizontal layers of sedimentary rock. These layers were then eroded over millions of years to leave a plateau surrounded on most sides by cliffs. Vertical columns formed from cooling and contraction of the sub-surface magma. Today rock climbers value these vertical columns for the numerous climbs of varying difficulty. Brigalow, eucalypt open forest, lowland rainforest, heathlands and Araucarian vine forests once thickly covered the peaks and flats of this area. Clearing, logging and farming has tamed the 'bush', hemming in its growth to the peaks, gorges, cliff lines and rocky ridges. Today the mountains provide the only significant refuge in the landscape for numerous plant and animals, some now vulnerable to extinction and some restricted to a single mountain. The last significant remnant of the once widespread 'Fassifern scrub' dry rainforest, dominated by Acacia harpophylla (brigalow), occurs at Mount French. Two species of lichen occur on the rhyolite summit of Mount French and nowhere else on planet Earth. They are regarded (but not listed) as endangered. Mount Moon is the only mountain within the national park to contain the vulnerable plant, Marsdenia coronata (slender milkvine). This vine's distribution has been restricted significantly since European settlement. Small remnant populations of brush-tailed rock wallabies Petrogale penicillatea make their home on all of the park's four isolated peaks. Mount French has been known to support populations of black-breasted button-quail(external link) Turnix melanogaster since the turn of last century. This rarely seen, ground-dwelling bird is vulnerable and the fragmentation of the bird's habitat has exposed the bird to increased competition and predation. The powerful owl Ninox strenua is Australia's largest nocturnal avian predator and makes its home on some mountain peaks within the park. The glossy black-cockatoo Calyptorhynchus lathami feeds exclusively on Allocasuarina (forest she oak) species, making them one of the most highly specialised birds in the world. Gregarious family parties of up to ten glossy black cockatoos have been observed feeding on Allocasuarina torulosa (forest she oak) cones on the eastern foothills of Mount Greville and on the eastern slopes of Mount Moon. Only the female trees bear cones. Source: Department of Environment & Science, Queensland Government.
Frenchs Forest, Sydney 2013
A teammate watches on as the over 40's play ball on a Saturday afternoon
Forest
The matte painting (which can be translated with painting backgrounds) is a technique used mainly in film used to allow the representation of landscapes or places otherwise too costly or impossible to reconstruct or reach directly. Visit www.facebook.com/Maurizio-Poli-760405867422348/ Ask for a preventive in my virtual shop at the site mobiliperufficio.com/Maurizio_Poli/home Richiedete un preventico nel mio negozio virtuale al sito mobiliperufficio.com/Maurizio_Poli/home
Forest-1
New.....Matte Painting....... progetti grafici realizzati da me....!!! Piccole modifiche dell'immagine in post-produzione......!!! Ask for a preventive in my virtual shop at the site mobiliperufficio.com/Maurizio_Poli/home Richiedete un preventivo nel mio negozio virtuale al sito mobiliperufficio.com/Maurizio_Poli/home The matte painting (which can be translated with painting backgrounds) is a technique used mainly in film used to allow the representation of landscapes or places otherwise too costly or impossible to reconstruct or reach directly. Visit www.facebook.com/Maurizio-Poli-760405867422348/ Ask for a preventive in my virtual shop at the site mobiliperufficio.com/Maurizio_Poli/home Richiedete un preventico nel mio negozio virtuale al sito mobiliperufficio.com/Maurizio_Poli/home
Forest house
Vendo matte painting visualizzabili su www.flickr.com/photos/polimaurizio/, a 20 euro l'uno con firma e numero di serie e dimensioni originali. Per eventuali chiarimenti mi potete contattare all^ email maurizio.poli1972@libero.it. Per qualsiasi informazione contattatemi all e-mail maurizio.poli1972@libero.it New.....Matte Painting....... progetti grafici realizzati da me....!!! Piccole modifiche dell'immagine in post-produzione......!!! Ask for a preventive in my virtual shop at the site mobiliperufficio.com/Maurizio_Poli/home Richiedete un preventivo nel mio negozio virtuale al sito mobiliperufficio.com/Maurizio_Poli/home The matte painting (which can be translated with painting backgrounds) is a technique used mainly in film used to allow the representation of landscapes or places otherwise too costly or impossible to reconstruct or reach directly. Visit www.facebook.com/Maurizio-Poli-760405867422348/ Ask for a preventive in my virtual shop at the site mobiliperufficio.com/Maurizio_Poli/home Richiedete un preventico nel mio negozio virtuale al sito mobiliperufficio.com/Maurizio_Poli/home
Le Forgeron de Louisbourg
Louisbourg, NS The town's name was given by French military forces who founded the Fortress of Louisbourg and its fortified seaport on the southwest part of the harbour, in honour of Louis XV. The French fortress was demolished after its final capture in 1758 and the site was abandoned by British forces in 1768. Subsequent English settlers built a small fishing village across the harbour from the abandoned site of the fortress. The village grew slowly with additional Loyalists settlers in the 1780s. The harbour grew more accessible with the construction of the second Louisbourg Lighthouse in 1842 on the site of the original French lighthouse destroyed in 1758. A railway first reached Louisbourg in 1877, but it was poorly built and abandoned after a forest fire. However the arrival of Sydney and Louisburg Railway in 1894 brought heavy volumes of winter coal exports to Louisbourg Harbour's ice-free waters as a winter coal port. The harbour was used by the Canadian government ship Montmagny in 1912 to land bodies from the sinking of the RMS Titanic. Incorporated in 1901, the Town of Louisbourg was disincorporated when all municipal units in Cape Breton County were merged into a single tier regional municipality in 1995. -Wikipedia
2020 Sydney collage: Bitton Thursday Crepe Night
Bitton - French inspired Cafe and Restaurant Copeland St, Alexandria Crepe Thursdays Parisienne - Black Ham, Bechamel Sauce, Bitton Mustard and Gruyere Cheese Perigourdine - Forest Mushroom, Chicken, Truffled Eggs Caramelised Garlic Bread Baguette Green Leaves Dessert Crepe - Butter, Sugar, Lemon Dessert Crepe - Honey Caramelised Apples, Vanilla Bean Ice-cream
Forest-4
Per chiunque fosse interessato ai miei lavori vi propongo di contattarmi per ricevere informazioni sulle stampe e sui prezzi di vendita......!!!!!!!! For anyone interested in my work I suggest you contact me to receive information on prints and selling prices ...... !!!!!!!! Vendo matte painting visualizzabili su www.flickr.com/photos/polimaurizio/, a 20 euro l'uno con firma e numero di serie e dimensioni originali. Per eventuali chiarimenti mi potete contattare all^ email maurizio.poli1972@libero.it. Per qualsiasi informazione contattatemi all e-mail maurizio.poli1972@libero.it New.....Matte Painting....... progetti grafici realizzati da me....!!! Piccole modifiche dell'immagine in post-produzione......!!! Ask for a preventive in my virtual shop at the site mobiliperufficio.com/Maurizio_Poli/home Richiedete un preventivo nel mio negozio virtuale al sito mobiliperufficio.com/Maurizio_Poli/home The matte painting (which can be translated with painting backgrounds) is a technique used mainly in film used to allow the representation of landscapes or places otherwise too costly or impossible to reconstruct or reach directly. Visit www.facebook.com/Maurizio-Poli-760405867422348/ Ask for a preventive in my virtual shop at the site mobiliperufficio.com/Maurizio_Poli/home Richiedete un preventico nel mio negozio virtuale al sito mobiliperufficio.com/Maurizio_Poli/home
550+ 5 STAR REVIEWS
CALL NOW