Local Plumber Erskine Park

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We are the most transparent, honest and reliable plumber in Erskine Park. We are licensed and fully insured. We have decades of collective experience in all types of plumbing systems, including installations, repairs, replacements, servicing, cleaning, and maintenance. We are a local company with an impeccable track record of offering affordable plumbing services to our customers in Erskine Park.

Professional Erskine Park Plumbing Team Ready and On-Call

Our qualified team, offer a plethora of plumbing services. You don’t need to hire more than one plumber in Erskine Park for different needs. We specialize in plumbing drainage, renovations, commercial plumbing, residential plumbing, grease traps, and gas fitting to name a few. We cater to general maintenance of all types of plumbing systems, blocked drain plumbing, pinpoint pipe locating to effectively identify broken lines and leaks, gas installation & repairs, pipe relining, tap and toilet repairs, backflow prevention testing and certified installation of hot water systems such as heaters and circulating pumps, gas and water leak detection, setup of water meters and more.

Whether you have the most state of the art plumbing infrastructure at your home and office or you have some of the oldest plumbing fixtures, our specialist plumber in Erskine Park will easily inspect the problem, assess the severity and scope, compare the appropriate solutions and recommend the best remedy. Only after you choose a particular remedy would our plumber in Erskine Park go about fixing the problem. No plumbing system is a problem for any of our team members. This is primarily owing to the ongoing training we conduct to ensure every plumber is familiar with all latest technologies, standard techniques and they are also equipped with relevant tools to get the job done.

Our Erskine Park Plumber Services include:

Free Inspection and No Call Out Fee

We conduct an extensive inspection and won’t charge you a call out fee if we proceed with the repairs. We also record these inspections. The onsite inspections are necessary for any plumber in Erskine Park to understand the true nature of the problem. A speculative quote or a generic remedy would not be of much help when the real problem has not been assessed or ascertained.

Our on-site inspection is immediately followed by a comprehensive consultation. It is during the consultation that we put forth our plumbing recommendations. We do not offer any quote until you have chosen the solution. The range of our plumbing services will be influenced by the choices you make. There are instances when repairs may be sufficient whereas other situations may demand replacement of some plumbing fixtures or parts. The exact solution is the only decisive determiner of the eventual cost. We present a custom quote to every client and all costs are quoted upfront. There are no hidden costs.

Need an Emergency Plumber in Erskine Park?

We are the promptest emergency Erskine Park plumber. We operate seven days a week throughout the year, without any exceptions, be it public holidays or inclement weather. Ours being a small to medium local business we have the swift responsive approach to meet any emergency needs you may have.

We also have our vehicles on the roads of Erskine Park and surrounding areas. It is quite possible at least one plumber in Erskine Park will be in or near your neighborhood. You can imagine how swift the emergency response can be.

Our vehicles are loaded with all quintessential tools, accessories, common parts or components and additional gear to help technicians get the job done at the site. There is no need for to and fro trips. You would always find an emergency plumber in Erskine Park, twenty-four hours a day throughout the year.

We are the Most Trusted Erskine Park Plumber

Over the years, we have emerged as the most trusted plumber in Erskine Park. There are many reasons why residents and businesses in and around Erskine Park rely on our plumbing services. We are always transparent and we explain everything in great detail so you would have a lucid understanding of the problem. Only then do we explain the choices. We do not skip the crucial consultation at any stage. We help our clients to make the most informed decision, every time and for every specific purpose.

While our quotes are invariably reasonable, it is not accomplished at the cost of quality. You would always have a trained and experienced plumber in your local area of Erskine Park, ensuring an impeccable job, regardless of the service you need. We offer a lifetime guarantee on our services. If you are not happy with any repair or replacement, then we will attend to it again and there will be no labor charges for the same. Our workmanship, sincerity, and commitment have no compromise.

Our prompt communications have also contributed to our popularity and reliability. We attend to every phone call and respond to every query. Right from the first correspondence, you would realise how we are different from every other plumber in Erskine Park. Communications pertaining to consultation, site inspection, and estimates are also effortless and there is no room for ambiguity. We confirm appointments and schedules on the day before. We also update all our clients about our movements. You don’t have to wait for the whole day, wondering if your plumber will show up to Erskine Park.

We take full responsibility of cleanliness at your property during and after our installation, servicing or maintenance and repairs or replacements. We have a policy of charging per job and not per hour so you don’t have to worry if a particular task is taking longer than expected. This also allows you to secure the quintessential peace of mind, knowing that it is a fixed price you pay in the end and hence there is no surprise after the job is done.

In addition to emergencies, we also provide same day service. Some problems don’t need urgent repairs but allowing them to sit there, is not wise either. Email us or give us a call and a plumber will visit your Erskine Park home or office and resolve the problem by the end of the day.

Erskine Park

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Bridge & Water Landscape, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Tyne & Wear, England.
The Tyne Bridge is a through arch bridge over the River Tyne in North East England, linking Newcastle upon Tyne and Gateshead. The bridge was designed by the engineering firm Mott, Hay and Anderson,[2] who later designed the Forth Road Bridge, and was built by Dorman Long and Co. of Middlesbrough.[3] The bridge was officially opened on 10 October 1928 by King George V and has since become a defining symbol of Tyneside. It is ranked as the tenth tallest structure in the city. The earliest bridge across the Tyne, Pons Aelius, was built by the Romans on the site of the present Swing Bridge around 122.[4] A series of wooden bridges were lost to fire or flood, and plans for a stone bridge were begun in about 1250 with support from local landowners, and the Bishops of Durham, York and Caithness. The stone bridge was constructed but then destroyed by flood in 1339. Repairs proved costly and took place in sections: it was not fully repaired, as a part stone and part wooden bridge, until the 16th century[5] and was part destroyed by a great flood in November 1771.[6] Following this, new stone bridge was begun after the city council petitioned Parliament. The foundation stone on the north side was laid by Sir Matthew White Ridley on April 25, 1775 with the south side foundation stone laid in 1776. Works were completed by September 13, 1779 at an estimated cost of between £30,000 and £60,000.[5] Work on a modern bridge started in August 1925 with Dorman Long acting as the building contractors. Despite the dangers of the building work, only one worker, Nathaniel Collins, a father of four and a local scaffolder from South Shields, died in the building of this structure.[7] The Tyne Bridge was designed by Mott, Hay and Anderson, comparable to their Sydney Harbour Bridge version.[2][8] These bridges derived their design from the Hell Gate Bridge in New York City.[8] The Dorman Long team was also notable for including Dorothy Buchanan, the first female member of the Institution of Civil Engineers, joining in 1927; in addition to her contribution to the Tyne Bridge, she served as part of the team for the Sydney Harbour Bridge and the Lambeth Bridge in London.[9] The bridge was completed on 25 February 1928, and officially opened on 10 October that year by King George V and Queen Mary, who were the first to use the roadway, travelling in their Ascot Landau. The opening ceremony was attended by 20,000 schoolchildren who had been given the day off. Movietone news recorded the speech given by the King.[10] The Tyne Bridge's towers were built of Cornish granite and were designed by local architect Robert Burns Dick[2] as warehouses with five storeys. But, the inner floors of the warehouses in the bridge's towers were not completed and, as a result, the storage areas were never used. Lifts for passengers and goods were built in the towers to provide access to the Quayside; they are no longer in use.[11] The bridge's design uses a parabolic arch.[8] The bridge was originally painted green with special paint made by J. Dampney Co. of Gateshead. The same colours were used to paint the bridge in 2000.[12] Technical information [13] Total length1,276 feet (389 m) Length of arch span531 feet (161.8 m) Rise of arch180 feet (55 m) Clearance85 feet (26 m) Height194 feet (59 m) Width56.0 feet (17.08 m) Structural Steel7,010 long tons (7,122 t) Total number of rivets[14]777,124 History of operations In 2012 the largest Olympic rings in the UK were erected on the bridge. The rings were manufactured by commercial signage specialists Signmaster ED Ltd of Kelso. The rings were over 25 by 12 metres (82 by 39 ft) and weighed in excess of four tonnes. This was in preparation for Newcastle hosting the Olympic football tournament, and the Olympic torch relay, in which Bear Grylls zipwired from the top of the arch, to Gateshead quayside.[15] On 28 June 2012, a large lightning bolt struck the Tyne Bridge. It lit up the roads as the sky was very dark. The bolt, part of a super-cell thunderstorm, came with heavy rain – a month's worth of rainfall in just two hours – causing flash flooding on Tyneside.[16] In 2015 Newcastle upon Tyne was a host city for the Rugby World Cup.[17] Three matches were played at St James's Park, the home of Newcastle United Football Club.[18] In recognition, a large illuminated sign was erected on Tyne Bridge.[19] On 13 November 2017, the Tyne Bridge was the venue for the Freedom on the Tyne finale, the finale of the 2017 Freedom City festival. The 2017 Freedom City festival commemorated Newcastle's civil rights history and the 50 years since Dr Martin Luther King's visit to Newcastle, where King received his honorary degree from Newcastle University.[20][21][22] Newcastle University and Freedom City 2017 wanted to use the Tyne Bridge to symbolically hark back in history to Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama where King was involved in one of the key moments for the struggle for civil rights in 1965.[20] 24 roads around the Tyne Bridge were closed for the day long event. The Freedom of the Tyne event featured the many civil right stories from history.[20] The final event, revolved around the Jarrow Crusade which was described as a memorable closing to the finale.[20] Grade II* listed by Historic England On the 23 August 2018 the bridge became one of the 0.01% of structures in England which are Grade II* listed. The rating means the bridge is a particular important structure of more than special interest.[23] The bridge was upgraded by the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport on the advice of Historic England.[24] The bridge was upgraded to Grade II* for architectural and historical interest,[1] as outlined here: Architectural interest: A striking steel arch design, at its construction, notable as the largest single-span steel arch bridge on the British Isles; It is a similar prototype design as to that prepared for Sydney Harbour, Australia; the main arch was designed by the eminent civil engineer (Sir) Ralph Freeman; the prototype of a method of construction involving progressive cantilevering, using cables, cradles and cranes, which was also developed for Sydney Harbour, but first tested in Newcastle; its neoclassical and Art Deco towers that are well-detailed and defined; a potent symbol of the character and industrial pride of Tyneside; recognised worldwide for its dramatic design.[25] Historic interest: it is associated with some of the most distinguished 20th-century civil engineers. One of its engineers being Sir Ralph Freeman, the architect of some of the most impressive bridges in the world. Freeman was a founder of Freeman Fox & Partners, renowned bridge designers worldwide.[25] Kittiwake colony The bridge and nearby structures are used as a nesting site by a colony of around 700 pairs of black-legged kittiwakes, the furthest inland in the world. The colony featured in the BBC's Springwatch programme in 2010.[26] Several groups, including the Natural History Society of Northumbria and local Wildlife Trusts, formed a "Tyne Kittiwake Partnership" to safeguard the colony.[27] A proposal for a tower to be built as an alternative nesting site was made in 2011,[28] and in November 2015 a neighbouring hotel submitted a planning application for measures to discourage the birds. A through arch bridge, also known as a half-through arch bridge or a through-type arch bridge, is a bridge that is made from materials such as steel or reinforced concrete, in which the base of an arch structure is below the deck but the top rises above it. Thus, the deck is within the arch, and cables or beams that are in tension suspend the central part of the deck from the arch. Function For a specific construction method, especially for masonry arches, the proportions of the arch remain similar no matter what the size: wider arches are thus required to be taller arches.[1] For a semi-circular arch, the height is half of the span. Bridges across deep, narrow gorges can have their arch placed entirely beneath a flat roadway, but bridges in flatter country rise above their road approaches. A wide bridge may require an arch so tall as to become a significant obstacle and incline for the roadway. Small bridges can be hump-backed, but larger bridges such as the Old Bridge, Pontypridd may become so steep as to require steps, making their use for wheeled traffic difficult. Railways also find arched bridges difficult as they are even less tolerant of inclines. Where simple arched bridges are used for railways on flat terrain the cost of building long approach embankments may be considerable. Further issues are the foundations for the bridge. Arch bridges generate large side thrusts on their footings and so may require a solid bedrock foundation. Flattening the arch shape to avoid the humpback problem, such as for Brunel's Maidenhead bridge, increases this side thrust. It is often impossible to achieve a flat enough arch, simply owing to the limitations of the foundations – particularly in flat country.[1] Historically, such bridges often became viaducts of multiple small arches. With the availability of iron or concrete as structural materials, it became possible to construct a through arch bridge: a bridge where the deck does not have to be carried over the top of the arch.[1] This requires a structure that can both support the deck from the arch by tension rods, chains or cables and allow a gap in the arch, so the deck can pass through it. The first of these in particular cannot be achieved with masonry construction and requires wrought iron or steel. The use of a through arch does not change the proportions or size of the arch: a large span will still require a tall arch, although this can now reach any height above the deck without obstructing traffic. The arch may also reach downwards at its sides, to either reach strong foundations or to place the roadway at a convenient height for spanning a deep valley from a plateau above. The Tyne Bridge demonstrates both of these advantages. Notable examples A well-known example of this type is the Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia, which is based on the Hell Gate Bridge in New York City.[2] Other bridges include the Chaotianmen Bridge in China which is the world longest bridge; Tyne Bridge of Newcastle upon Tyne; the Bayonne Bridge that connects New York City to New Jersey, which is longer than the Sydney Harbour Bridge; the Bourne Bridge and Sagamore Bridge, smaller, near-twin bridges over the Cape Cod Canal; the Pennybacker Bridge in Austin, Texas and as the Hernando de Soto Bridge in Memphis, Tennessee. Wylam Railway Bridge is an early through arch bridge upstream of the Tyne Bridge.[3] The Chaotianmen Bridge, China, the longest steel arch bridge in the world The Hell Gate Bridge, New York, shortly after its completion. The Bayonne Bridge, the 5th longest steel arch bridge in the world Tyne Bridge, Newcastle upon Tyne, opened in 1928. Sydney Harbour Bridge, the 6th longest through arch bridge Arch rib arrangements The Pentele Bridge is an example of a basket handle arch. Seen from one end, the two arches take the form of a handle. The through arch bridge usually consists of two ribs,[4] although there are examples like the Hulme Arch Bridge of through arches with a single rib. When the two arches are built in parallel planes, the structure is a parallel rib arch bridge. When the two arch ribs lean together and shorten the distance between the arches near the top, the span is a basket handle arch bridge.[5] Tied-arch bridges Brunel's wrought-iron Windsor Railway Bridge: both a tied-arch and a through-arch Stanley Ferry Aqueduct, Yorkshire, opened 1839, built in cast iron. A through-arch, but not a tied-arch Many tied-arch bridges are also through-arch bridges. As well as tying the side-loads of the arch, the tension member is also at a convenient height to form the bridge deck, as for a through-arch. The converse is not true: through-arch bridges do not imply that they are tied-arch bridges, unless they also provide the deliberate tension member that is the key to a tied-arch. Although visually similar, tied- and untied- through-arch bridges are quite distinct structurally and are unrelated in how they distribute their loads. In particular, cast iron bridges such as the Stanley Ferry Aqueduct may resemble tied-arch bridges, but as cast iron is weak in tension they are not structurally a tied arch. Construction sequence The Frederick Douglass Memorial Bridge under construction in 2020. The partially completed arch is supported by wires attaching it to the completed arch behind it. In some locations it is not practical to support the arch from beneath during construction. In modern construction, temporary towers are erected and supported by cables anchored in the ground. Temporary cables fly from each side to support arch segments as they are constructed. When the arches are almost complete a jacking bridge is placed over or beneath the gap to force the arches apart, whence the final section is constructed in place or lifted into position. In some cases, this type of arch has been created by constructing cantilevers from each side, with the shoreside ends bolted securely down into heavy piers. The incomplete channel ends are then constructed toward each other and either filled by construction or by lifting a prefabricated center section. This type of construction was used in the Sydney Harbour Bridge illustrated above, with the supporting cables to the higher side of the arches removed after completion. Newcastle upon Tyne (/ˈnjuːkɑːsəl/, locally /njuːˈkæsəl/ (About this soundlisten)),[5] often shortened to simply Newcastle, is the most populous city and metropolitan borough in North East England. It forms the core of the Tyneside conurbation, the eighth most populous urban area in the United Kingdom. Newcastle is one of the UK Core Cities,[6] as well as part of the Eurocities network of European cities.[7][8] It is situated on the northern bank of the River Tyne, approximately 8.5 mi (13.7 km) from the North Sea.[9] Newcastle was part of the county of Northumberland until 1400, when it became a county of itself,[10][11][12][13] a status it retained until it became a part of the metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear in 1974.[13] The local authority is Newcastle City Council, a member of the North of Tyne Combined Authority. The regional nickname and dialect for people from Newcastle and the surrounding area is Geordie. In 2018, the city was declared as the best place to visit in the world by travel experts Rough Guides.[14][15][16] The city developed around the Roman settlement Pons Aelius[17][18] and was named after the castle built in 1080 by William the Conqueror's eldest son Robert Curthose. In the 14th century, the city grew as an important centre for the wool trade and later became a major coal mining area. The port developed in the 16th century and, along with the shipyards lower down the River Tyne, was amongst the world's largest ship-building and ship-repairing centres.[19] Newcastle's economy includes corporate headquarters, learning, digital technology, retail, tourism, and cultural centres, from which the city contributes £13 billion towards the United Kingdom's GVA. Among the city's architectural icons are the Tyne Bridge; the Swing Bridge; the Millennium Bridge; Newcastle Castle; Grey's Monument; and the Theatre Royal. Modern cultural icons include the city's nightlife, awarded third place in Europe and seventh in the world by Tripadvisor; the UK's largest bakery chain - Greggs, a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index; British TV personalities Ant & Dec; the Great North Run, the largest half-marathon in the world; and Newcastle United FC. Roman The first recorded settlement in what is now Newcastle was Pons Aelius ("Hadrian's bridge"), a Roman fort and bridge across the River Tyne. It was given the family name of the Roman Emperor Hadrian, who founded it in the 2nd century AD. This rare honour suggests Hadrian may have visited the site and instituted the bridge on his tour of Britain. The population of Pons Aelius then is estimated at 2,000. Fragments of Hadrian's Wall are visible in parts of Newcastle, particularly along the West Road. The course of the "Roman Wall" can be traced eastwards to the Segedunum Roman fort in Wallsend—the "wall's end"—and to the supply fort Arbeia in South Shields.[20] The extent of Hadrian's Wall was 73 miles (117 km), spanning the width of Britain; the Wall incorporated the Vallum, a large rearward ditch with parallel mounds,[21] and was built primarily for defence, to prevent unwanted immigration and the incursion of Pictish tribes from the north, not as a fighting line for a major invasion.[22] Newcastle Castle Keep is the oldest structure in the city, dating back to at least the 11th century. Anglo-Saxon and Norman After the Roman departure from Britain, completed in 410, Newcastle became part of the powerful Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria, and was known throughout this period as Munucceaster (sometimes modernised as Monkchester).[23] Conflicts with the Danes in 876 left the settlements along the River Tyne in ruins.[24] After the conflicts with the Danes, and following the 1088 rebellion against the Normans, Monkchester was all but destroyed by Odo of Bayeux.[25] Because of its strategic position, Robert Curthose, son of William the Conqueror, erected a wooden castle there in the year 1080.[24] The town was henceforth known as Novum Castellum or New Castle.[24] The wooden structure was replaced by a stone castle in 1087.[24] The castle was rebuilt again in 1172 during the reign of Henry II. Much of the keep which can be seen in the city today dates from this period.[24] Middle Ages Throughout the Middle Ages, Newcastle was England's northern fortress. In 1400 Newcastle was separated from Northumberland[10][11][12][13] and made a county of itself by Henry IV.[10][11][12][13] Newcastle was given the title of the county of the town of Newcastle upon Tyne.[26] The city had a new charter granted by Elizabeth in 1589.[27] A 25-foot (7.6 m) high stone wall was built around the town in the 13th century,[28] to defend it from invaders during the Border war against Scotland. The Scots king William the Lion was imprisoned in Newcastle in 1174, and Edward I brought the Stone of Scone and William Wallace south through the town. Newcastle was successfully defended against the Scots three times during the 14th century.[10][13] 16th to 19th centuries An engraving by William Miller of Newcastle in 1832 From 1530, a royal act restricted all shipments of coal from Tyneside to Newcastle Quayside, giving a monopoly in the coal trade to a cartel of Newcastle burgesses known as the Hostmen. This monopoly, which lasted for a considerable time, helped Newcastle prosper and develop into a major town. The phrase taking coals to Newcastle was first recorded contextually in 1538.[29] The phrase itself means a pointless pursuit.[30] In the 18th century, the American entrepreneur Timothy Dexter, regarded as an eccentric, defied this idiom. He was persuaded to sail a shipment of coal to Newcastle by merchants plotting to ruin him; however, his shipment arrived on the Tyne during a strike that had crippled local production, allowing him to turn a considerable profit.[31][32] Victoria Tunnel, built 1842. In 1935 after a government document requested its cities build air-raid shelters, part of the tunnel was converted.[33] In the Sandgate area, to the east of the city, and beside the river, resided the close-knit community of keelmen and their families.[34] They were so called because they worked on the keels, boats that were used to transfer coal from the river banks to the waiting colliers, for export to London and elsewhere. In the 1630s, about 7,000 out of 20,000 inhabitants of Newcastle died of plague, more than one-third of the population.[35] Specifically within the year 1636, it is roughly estimated with evidence held by the Society of Antiquaries that 47% of the then population of Newcastle died from the epidemic; this may also have been the most devastating loss in any British city in this period.[36] Newcastle was once a major industrial centre particularly for coal and shipping During the English Civil War, the North declared for the King.[37] In a bid to gain Newcastle and the Tyne, Cromwell's allies, the Scots, captured the town of Newburn. In 1644, the Scots then captured the reinforced fortification on the Lawe in South Shields following a siege and the city was besieged for many months. It was eventually stormed ("with roaring drummes") and sacked by Cromwell's allies. The grateful King bestowed the motto "Fortiter Defendit Triumphans" ("Triumphing by a brave defence") upon the town. Charles I was imprisoned in Newcastle by the Scots in 1646–7.[38] Newcastle city centre, 1917 In the 18th century, Newcastle was the country's fourth largest print centre after London, Oxford and Cambridge,[39] and the Literary and Philosophical Society of 1793,[39] with its erudite debates and large stock of books in several languages, predated the London Library by half a century.[39] Newcastle also became a glass producer with a reputation for brilliant flint glass.[40] A permanent military presence was established in the city with the completion of Fenham Barracks in 1806.[41] The Great fire of Newcastle and Gateshead was a tragic and spectacular series of events starting on Friday 6 October 1854, in which a substantial amount of property in the two North East of England towns was destroyed in a series of fires and an explosion which killed 53 and injured hundreds.[42] The status of city was granted to Newcastle on 3 June 1882.[43] In the 19th century, shipbuilding and heavy engineering were central to the city's prosperity; and the city was a powerhouse of the Industrial Revolution.[44] This revolution resulted in the urbanisation of the city.[45] In 1817 the Maling company, at one time the largest pottery company in the world, moved to the city.[46] The Victorian industrial revolution brought industrial structures that included the 2 1⁄2-mile (4 km) Victoria Tunnel, built in 1842, which provided underground wagon ways to the staithes.[47] On 3 February 1879, Mosley Street in the city, was the first public road in the world to be lit up by the incandescent lightbulb.[48][49] Newcastle was one of the first cities in the world to be lit up by electric lighting.[50] Innovations in Newcastle and surrounding areas included the development of safety lamps, Stephenson's Rocket, Lord Armstrong's artillery, Be-Ro flour,[51] Joseph Swan's electric light bulbs, and Charles Parsons' invention of the steam turbine, which led to the revolution of marine propulsion and the production of cheap electricity. In 1882, Newcastle became the seat of an Anglican diocese, with St. Nicholas' Church becoming its cathedral.[52] 20th and 21st centuries Newcastle's public transport system was modernised in 1901 when Newcastle Corporation Tramways electric trams were introduced to the city's streets, though these were replaced gradually by trolley buses from 1935, with the tram service finally coming to an end in 1950.[53] The city acquired its first art gallery, the Laing Art Gallery in 1904, so named after its founder Alexander Laing, a Scottish wine and spirit merchant[54] who wanted to give something back to the city in which he had made his fortune. Another art gallery, the Hatton Gallery (now part of Newcastle University), opened in 1925.[55] With the advent of the motor car, Newcastle's road network was improved in the early part of the 20th century, beginning with the opening of the Redheugh road bridge in 1901[56] and the Tyne Bridge in 1928.[57] Efforts to preserve the city's historic past were evident as long ago as 1934, when the Museum of Science and Industry opened,[58] as did the John G Joicey Museum in the same year.[59] Council housing began to replace inner-city slums in the 1920s, and the process continued into the 1970s, along with substantial private house building and acquisitions.[60] Unemployment hit record heights in Newcastle during the Great Depression of the 1930s. The city's last coal pit closed in 1956,[61] though a temporary open cast mine was opened in 2013 [62] The temporary open cast mine shifted 40,000 tonnes of coal, using modern techniques to reduce noise, on a part of the City undergoing redevelopment.[62] The slow demise of the shipyards on the banks of the River Tyne happened in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s.[63] View northwards from the Castle Keep, towards Berwick-on-Tweed in 1954 Panorama from Newcastle castle keep across the River Tyne to Gateshead in 1954 During the Second World War, the city and surrounding area were a target for air raids as heavy industry was involved in the production of ships and armaments. The raids caused 141 deaths and 587 injuries.[64] A former French consul in Newcastle called Jacques Serre assisted the German war effort by describing important targets in the region to Admiral Raeder who was the head of the German Navy.[65] The public sector in Newcastle began to expand in the 1960s. The federal structure of the University of Durham was dissolved. That university's colleges in Newcastle, which had been known as King's College, became the University of Newcastle upon Tyne (now known as Newcastle University), which was founded in 1963,[66] followed by a Newcastle Polytechnic in 1969; the latter received university status in 1992 and became the Northumbria University.[67] Further efforts to preserve the city's historic past continued in the later 20th century, with the opening of Newcastle Military Vehicle Museum in 1983 and Stephenson Railway Museum in 1986. The Military Vehicle museum closed in 2006.[68] New developments at the turn of the 21st century included the Life Science Centre in 2000 and Millennium Bridge in 2001.[69] Based at St James' Park since 1886, Newcastle United F.C. became Football League members in 1893.[70] They have won four top division titles (the first in 1905 and the most recent in 1927), six FA Cups (the first in 1910 and the most recent in 1955) and the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1969.[71] They broke the world transfer record in 1996 by paying £15 million for Blackburn Rovers and England striker Alan Shearer, one of the most prolific goalscorers of that era.[72] In 2017, Newcastle was the venue for the 2017 Freedom City festival. The 2017 Freedom City festival commemorated the 50 years since Dr Martin Luther King's visit to Newcastle, where King received his honorary degree from Newcastle University.[73][74][75] In 2018 Newcastle hosted the Great Exhibition of the North, the largest event in England in 2018. The exhibition began on 22 June with an opening ceremony on the River Tyne, and ended on 9 September with the Great North Run weekend. The exhibition describes the story of the north of England through its innovators, artists, designers and businesses.[76][77] In 2019, various travel sites named Newcastle to be the friendliest city in the UK.[78] Geography Since 1974, Newcastle has been a part of the metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear in North East England, but was historically within Northumberland. The city is located on the north-western bank of the River Tyne, approximately 46 miles (74 km) south of the border with Scotland. The ground beneath the city is formed from Carboniferous strata of the Middle Pennine Coal Measures Group — a suite of sandstones, mudstones and coal seams which generally dip moderately eastwards. To the west of the city are the Upper Pennine Coal Measures and further west again the sandstones and mudstones of the Stainmore Formation, the local equivalent of the Millstone Grit.[79] Side, a street in Newcastle near the Tyne Bridge In large parts, Newcastle still retains a medieval street layout. Narrow alleys or 'chares', most of which can only be traversed by foot, still exist in abundance, particularly around the riverside. Stairs from the riverside to higher parts of the city centre and the extant Castle Keep, originally recorded in the 14th century, remain intact in places. Close, Sandhill and Quayside contain modern buildings as well as structures dating from the 15th–18th centuries, including Bessie Surtees House, the Cooperage and Lloyds Quayside Bars, Derwentwater House and House of Tides, a restaurant situated at a Grade I-listed 16th century merchant's house at 28–30 Close. 360° panoramic shot taken from the top of the Keep The city has an extensive neoclassical centre referred to as Tyneside Classical,[80] largely developed in the 1830s by Richard Grainger and John Dobson. More recently, Newcastle architecture considered to be Tyneside classical has been extensively restored. Broadcaster and writer Stuart Maconie described Newcastle as England's best-looking city[81][82] and the German-born British scholar of architecture, Nikolaus Pevsner,[83] describes Grey Street as one of the finest streets in England. In 1948 the poet John Betjeman said of Grey Street, “As for the curve of Grey Street, I shall never forget seeing it to perfection, traffic-less on a misty Sunday morning.”[84] The street curves down from Grey's Monument towards the valley of the River Tyne and was voted England's finest street in 2005 in a survey of BBC Radio 4 listeners.[85][86] In the Google Street View awards of 2010, Grey Street came 3rd in the British picturesque category.[87] A portion of Grainger Town was demolished in the 1960s to make way for the Eldon Square Shopping Centre, including all but one side of the original Eldon Square itself. Immediately to the north-west of the city centre is Leazes Park, established in 1873[88] after a petition by 3,000 working men of the city for "ready access to some open ground for the purpose of health and recreation". Just outside one corner of this is St James' Park, the stadium home of Newcastle United FC which dominates the view of the city from all directions. View of St James’ Park and surrounding buildings, as seen from Gateshead Another green space in Newcastle is the Town Moor, lying immediately north of the city centre. It is larger than London's Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath put together[89][90] and the freemen of the city have the right to graze cattle on it.[89][90] The right extends to the pitch of St. James' Park, Newcastle United Football Club's ground; this is not exercised, although the Freemen do collect rent for the loss of privilege. Honorary freemen include Bob Geldof,[91] King Harald V of Norway,[92] Bobby Robson,[93] Alan Shearer,[94] the late Nelson Mandela[95] and the Royal Shakespeare Company.[96] The Hoppings funfair, said to be the largest travelling funfair in Europe, is held here annually in June.[97] In the south-eastern corner of Newcastle is Exhibition Park, which contains the only remaining pavilion from the North East Coast Exhibition of 1929. From 1970s until 2006 this housed the Newcastle Military Vehicle Museum; which closed in 2006. The pavilion is now being used as a microbrewery and concert venue for Wylam Brewery.[98] Ouseburn The wooded gorge of the Ouseburn in the east of the city is known as Jesmond Dene and forms another recreation area, linked by Armstrong Park and Heaton Park to the Ouseburn Valley, where the river finally reaches the River Tyne. The springtime dawn chorus at 55 degrees latitude has been described as one of the best in the world.[99] The dawn chorus of the Jesmond Dene green space has been professionally recorded and has been used in various workplace and hospital rehabilitation facilities.[99] Waterfront The Quayside The Tyne Gorge, between Newcastle on the north bank and Gateshead — a separate town and borough — on the south bank, is known for a series of dramatic bridges, including the Tyne Bridge of 1928 which was built by Dorman Long of Middlesbrough, Robert Stephenson's High Level Bridge of 1849, the first road/rail bridge in the world, and the Swing Bridge of 1876.[100] Large-scale regeneration has replaced former shipping premises with imposing new office developments; an innovative tilting bridge, the Gateshead Millennium Bridge was commissioned by Gateshead Council and has integrated the older Newcastle Quayside more closely with major cultural developments in Gateshead, including the BALTIC Centre for Contemporary Art, the venue for the Turner Prize 2011[101] and the Norman Foster-designed The Sage Gateshead music centre. The Newcastle and Gateshead Quaysides are now a thriving, cosmopolitan area with bars, restaurants and public spaces. As a tourist promotion, Newcastle and Gateshead have linked together under the banner "NewcastleGateshead", to spearhead the regeneration of the North-East. The River Tyne had the temporary Bambuco Bridge in 2008 for ten days; it was not made for walking, road or cycling, but was just a sculpture. Seen here in 2008 on the Quayside are the Tyne Salmon Cubes; a celebration of the River Tyne salmon[102] Grainger Town Main article: Grainger Town Grainger Street, circa 1906 The historic heart of Newcastle is the Grainger Town area. Established on classical streets built by Richard Grainger, a builder and developer, between 1835 and 1842, some of Newcastle upon Tyne's finest buildings and streets lie within this area of the city centre including Grainger Market, Theatre Royal, Grey Street, Grainger Street and Clayton Street.[103] These buildings are predominantly four stories high, with vertical dormers, domes, turrets and spikes. Richard Grainger was said to 'have found Newcastle of bricks and timber and left it in stone'.[104] Of Grainger Town's 450 buildings, 244 are listed, of which 29 are grade I and 49 are grade II*. Grey's Monument Grey's Monument, which commemorates Prime Minister Earl Grey and his Reform Act of 1832, stands above Monument Metro Station and was designed and built by Edward Hodges Baily and Benjamin Green. Hodges, who also built Nelson's Column, designed and built the statue,[105] and the monument plinth was designed and built by Benjamin Green.[106] The Grainger Market replaced an earlier market originally built in 1808 called the Butcher Market.[107] The Grainger Market itself, was opened in 1835 and was Newcastle's first indoor market.[108] At the time of its opening in 1835 it was said to be one of the largest and most beautiful markets in Europe.[108] The opening was celebrated with a grand dinner attended by 2000 guests, and the Laing Art Gallery has a painting of this event.[108] With the exception of the timber roof which was destroyed by a fire in 1901 and replaced by latticed-steel arches the Market is largely in its original condition.[108] The Grainger Market architecture, like most in Grainger Town, which are either grade I or II listed, was listed grade I in 1954 by English Heritage.[107] The development of the city in the 1960s saw the demolition of part of Grainger Town as a prelude to the modernist rebuilding initiatives of T. Dan Smith, the leader of Newcastle City Council. A corruption scandal was uncovered involving Smith and John Poulson, a property developer from Pontefract, West Yorkshire, and both were imprisoned. Echoes of the scandal were revisited in the late 1990s in the BBC TV mini-series, Our Friends in the North.[109] Chinatown Newcastle's thriving Chinatown lies in the north-west of Grainger Town, centred on Stowell Street. A new Chinese arch, or paifang, providing a landmark entrance, was handed over to the city with a ceremony in 2005.[110] Housing The Tyneside flat was the dominant housing form constructed at the time when the industrial centres on Tyneside were growing most rapidly. They can still be found in areas such as South Heaton in Newcastle but once dominated the streetscape on both sides of the Tyne.[111] Tyneside flats were built as terraces, one of each pair of doors led to an upstairs flat while the other led into the ground-floor flat, each of two or three rooms. A new development in the Ouseburn valley has recreated them; Architects Cany Ash and Robert Sakula were attracted by the possibilities of high density without building high and getting rid of common areas.[112] In terms of housing stock, the authority is one of few authorities to see the proportion of detached homes rise in the 2010 Census (to 7.8%), in this instance this was coupled with a similar rise in flats and waterside apartments to 25.6%, and the proportion of converted or shared houses in 2011 renders this dwelling type within the highest of the five colour-coded brackets at 5.9%, and on a par with Oxford and Reading, greater than Manchester and Liverpool and below a handful of historic densely occupied, arguably overinflated markets in the local authorities: Harrogate, Cheltenham, Bath, inner London, Hastings, Brighton and Royal Tunbridge Wells.[113] Significant Newcastle housing developments include Ralph Erskine's the Byker Wall designed in the 1960s, and now Grade II* listed. It is on UNESCO's list of outstanding 20th-century buildings.[114] Climate Data in Newcastle was first collected in 1802 by the solicitor James Losh.[115] Situated in the rain shadow of the North Pennines, Newcastle is amongst the driest cities in the UK. Temperature extremes recorded at Newcastle Weather Centre include 32.5 °C (90.5 °F) on 3 August 1990[116] down to −14.0 °C (6.8 °F) on 29 December 1995.[117] Newcastle can have cool to cold winters, though usually warmer than the rural areas around it, and the winters are often compensated for by warm summers, with very long daylight hours in the summer months, longer than all other major English Cities. Newcastle upon Tyne shares the same latitude as Copenhagen, Denmark and southern Sweden. The nearest weather station to provide sunshine statistics is at Durham, about 14 miles (23 km) south of Newcastle City Centre. Durham's inland, less urbanised setting results in night-time temperature data about 1 degree cooler than Newcastle proper throughout the year. Climate data for Newcastle (Met Office Durham) Extremes Newcastle MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear Record high °C (°F)14.0 (57.2)14.0 (57.2)21.0 (69.8)21.0 (69.8)25.0 (77.0)26.0 (78.8)29.0 (84.2)32.5 (90.5)21.0 (69.8)20.0 (68.0)18.0 (64.4)15.0 (59.0)32.5 (90.5) Average high °C (°F)6.6 (43.9)7.2 (45.0)9.5 (49.1)11.9 (53.4)15.0 (59.0)17.6 (63.7)20.1 (68.2)19.8 (67.6)17.2 (63.0)13.3 (55.9)9.4 (48.9)6.7 (44.1)12.9 (55.2) Average low °C (°F)0.9 (33.6)0.9 (33.6)2.3 (36.1)3.7 (38.7)6.1 (43.0)9.0 (48.2)11.1 (52.0)11.0 (51.8)9.0 (48.2)6.3 (43.3)3.4 (38.1)1.1 (34.0)5.4 (41.7) Record low °C (°F)−12.6 (9.3)−3.0 (26.6)−9.0 (15.8)−2.0 (28.4)−1.0 (30.2)1.0 (33.8)6.0 (42.8)3.0 (37.4)0.0 (32.0)−5.0 (23.0)−11.0 (12.2)−14.0 (6.8)−14.0 (6.8) Average rainfall mm (inches)52.3 (2.06)41.8 (1.65)44.6 (1.76)52.7 (2.07)44.2 (1.74)55.4 (2.18)54.0 (2.13)60.8 (2.39)55.4 (2.18)60.9 (2.40)72.0 (2.83)57.0 (2.24)651.1 (25.63) Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm)11.49.39.79.59.29.79.09.69.311.312.311.7122 Mean monthly sunshine hours58.680.3115.5150.3181.7164.8172.3167.3134.5102.866.451.21,445.4 Source: Met Office[118] Environment Main article: North East Green Belt The city is located within the centre of the North East Green Belt, also known as the Tyne and Wear Green Belt.[119] The green belts stated aims[120] are to: Prevent the merging of settlements Safeguard the countryside from encroachment Check unrestricted urban sprawl Assist in urban regeneration in the city-region by encouraging the recycling of derelict and other urban land The green belt surrounds Brunswick Village, Dinnington, Callerton, Hazlerigg, Throckley, Walbottle, and Woolsington. Popular locations such as Ryton Island, Tyne Riverside Country Park, the city's golf courses, Newcastle Racecourse, and Newcastle International Airport fall inside the green belt. The city has been recognised for its commitment to environmental issues, with a programme planned for Newcastle to become "the first carbon neutral city"[121] however, those plans have been revised and they now hope to be carbon neutral by 2050.[122] Culture Nightlife The Gate complex is a nightlife destination in the city with a cinema, restaurants and bars. The Rough Guide to Britain placed Newcastle upon Tyne's nightlife as Great Britain's no. 1 tourist attraction.[123] In the Tripadvisor Travellers' Choice Destination Awards for Nightlife destinations, Newcastle was awarded third place in Europe (behind London and Berlin)[124] and seventh place in the world.[125] There are concentrations of pubs, bars and nightclubs around the Bigg Market and the Quayside area of Central Newcastle. There are many bars on the Bigg Market, and other areas popular for nightlife are Collingwood Street, commonly referred to as the 'Diamond Strip' due to its concentration of high-end bars; Neville Street; the Newcastle Central Station area; Osborne Road in Jesmond and the Ouseburn area. “The Gate", an indoor complex consisting of bars, clubs, restaurants and a 12-screen Cineworld multiplex cinema opened in recently years.[126] Newcastle's gay scene – 'The Pink Triangle' – is centred on the Times Square area near the Centre for Life and has a range of LGBT-friendly bars and clubs.[127][128] Bigg Market Food The UK's largest bakery chain, Greggs, was founded and is headquartered in Newcastle and has the greatest number of Greggs stores per capita in the world.[129] Local delicacies include pease pudding and stottie cake. In 2010, Osborne Road in Jesmond was awarded fourth place in the UK Google Street View awards for the "foodie" category.[87] Newcastle is one of the seven UK cities with its own Chinatown, appropriately containing many Chinese restaurants. Additionally, the city has a wide variety of cuisines available including Italian, Greek, Mexican, American, Spanish, Indian, Persian, Japanese, Malaysian, French, Mongolian, Moroccan, Thai, Polish, Vietnamese and Lebanese. There has also been a noticeable growth in Newcastle's gourmet restaurant industry in recent years.[130][131][132] Theatre The city has a proud history of theatre. Stephen Kemble of the well-known Kemble family managed the original Theatre Royal, Newcastle for fifteen years (1791–1806). He brought members of his famous acting family such as Sarah Siddons and John Kemble out of London to Newcastle. Stephen Kemble guided the theatre through many celebrated seasons. The original Theatre Royal in Newcastle was opened on 21 January 1788 and was located on Mosley Street.[133] It was demolished to make way for Grey Street, where its replacement was built. Theatre Royal, Grey Street The city still contains many theatres. The largest, the Theatre Royal on Grey Street, first opened in 1837, designed by John and Benjamin Green.[134] It has hosted a season of performances from the Royal Shakespeare Company for over 25 years, as well as touring productions of West End musicals.[135] The Mill Volvo Tyne Theatre hosts smaller touring productions, whilst other venues feature local talent. Northern Stage, formally known as the Newcastle Playhouse and Gulbenkian Studio, hosts various local, national and international productions in addition to those produced by the Northern Stage company.[136] Other theatres in the city include the Live Theatre, the People's Theatre, Alphabetti Theatre and the Jubilee Theatre. NewcastleGateshead was voted in 2006 as the arts capital of the UK in a survey conducted by the Artsworld TV channel.[137] Literature and libraries Avison Library, 2013 Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne Newcastle has a strong reputation as a poetry centre. The Morden Tower, run by poet Tom Pickard, is a major venue for poetry readings in the North East, being the place where Basil Bunting gave the first reading of Briggflatts in 1965.[138] The Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne (popularly known as the 'Lit & Phil') is the largest independent library outside London, housing more than 150,000 books. Its music library contains 8,000 CDs and 10,000 LPs.[139][140] The current Lit and Phil premises were built in 1825 and the building was designed by John and Benjamin Green.[134] Operating since 1793 and founded as a 'conversation club,' its lecture theatre was the first public building to be lit by electric light, during a lecture by Joseph Swan on 20 October 1880.[139] The old City library designed by Basil Spence,[141] was demolished in 2006[141] and replaced. The new building opened on 21 June 2009[142] and was named after 18th century composer Charles Avison; the building was opened by Dr Herbert Loebl.[142] Seven Stories, the National Centre for Children's Books, opened in 2005 in the Ouseburn Valley.[143][144] Festivals and fairs In either January or February, Newcastle's Chinatown becomes the focus point of celebrations for the Chinese New Year with carnivals and parades. The Newcastle Science Festival, now called Newcastle ScienceFest, returns annually in early March.[145] The Newcastle Beer Festival, organised by CAMRA takes place in April each year.[146] Evolution Festival, a music festival that attracted tens of thousands of attendees, took place in May from 2002 until 2013 and was described as "the biggest festival Tyneside has ever staged".[147][148] The This Is Tomorrow festival now takes place over the spring bank holiday and is in the same location. The biennial AV Festival of international electronic art, featuring exhibitions, concerts, conferences and film screenings, is held in March. The North East Art Expo, a festival of art and design from the regions professional artists, is held in late May.[149][150] The Hoppings, the largest annual collection of travelling fairs in Europe, comes together on Newcastle Town Moor every June. The event has its origins in the Temperance Movement during the early 1880s, and coincides with the annual race week at High Gosforth Park.[151] Newcastle Community Green Festival, which claims to be the UK's biggest free community environmental festival, also takes place every June, in Leazes Park.[152] The Cyclone Festival of Cycling takes place within, or starting from, Newcastle in June.[153][154] The Northern Pride Festival and Parade is held in Leazes Park and in the city's Gay Community in mid July. The Ouseburn Festival, a family oriented weekend festival near the city centre, incorporating a "Family Fun Day" and "Carnival Day", is held in late July.[155] Newcastle Mela, held on the late August Bank Holiday weekend, is an annual two-day multicultural event that blends drama, music and food from Punjabi, Pakistani, Bengali and Hindu cultures.[156] NewcastleGateshead also holds an annual International Arts Fair. The 2009 event will be in the Norman Foster designed Sage Gateshead Music and Arts Centre in September.[157] In October, there is the Design Event festival—an annual festival providing the public with an opportunity to see work by regional, national and international designers.[158] The SAMA Festival, an East Asian cultural festival is also held in early October.[159] Music Sting, principal songwriter, lead singer and bassist for English rock band The Police See also: List of bands and musicians from Newcastle Upon Tyne Newcastle's vernacular music was a mixture of Northumbrian folk music and nineteenth-century songs with dialect lyrics, by writers such as George "Geordie" Ridley, whose songs include one which became an unofficial Tyneside national anthem, Blaydon Races. The 1960s saw the internationally successful rock group The Animals emerge from Newcastle night spots such as Club A-Go-Go[160] on Percy Street. Other well-known acts with connections to the city include Sting,[161] Bryan Ferry,[162] Dire Straits[163] and more recently Maxïmo Park.[164] There is also a thriving underground music scene that encompasses a variety of styles, including drum and bass, doom metal and post-rock. Lindisfarne are a folk-rock group with a strong Tyneside connection. Their most famous song, "Fog on the Tyne" (1971), was covered by Geordie ex-footballer Paul Gascoigne in 1990. Venom, reckoned by many to be the originators of black metal and extremely influential to the extreme metal scene as a whole, formed in Newcastle in 1979. Folk metal band Skyclad, often regarded as the first folk metal band, also formed in Newcastle after the break-up of Martin Walkyier thrash metal band, Sabbat. Andy Taylor, former lead guitarist of Duran Duran was born here in 1961. Brian Johnson was a member of local rock band Geordie before becoming the lead vocalist for Australian band AC/DC, with whom he'd release Back in Black, the 2nd best-selling studio album of all time,[165] and the 4th biggest seller in the USA.[165] Dire Straits frontman Mark Knopfler. His song "Local Hero" is played at St. James Park before the start of every Newcastle United home game.[166] Newcastle is the home of Kitchenware Records (c. 1982),[167] previously home to acclaimed bands such as Prefab Sprout, Martin Stephenson and the Daintees and The Fatima Mansions, the management of The Lighthouse Family and home to recent successes Editors and Sirens. The 1990s boom in progressive house music saw the city's Global Underground record label publish mix CDs by the likes of Sasha, Paul Oakenfold, James Lavelle, and Danny Howells recording mix compilations. The label is still going strong today with offices in London and New York, and new releases from Deep Dish and Adam Freeland.[168] Newcastle's leading classical music ensemble is the Royal Northern Sinfonia, which was founded in 1958 and performed regularly at Newcastle City Hall until 2004. Nowadays it is based at The Sage, Gateshead. ICMuS, Newcastle University's music department, has been a driving force for music in the region, producing innovative work, organising concerts and festivals, instigating the first degree programme in folk music in the British Isles, and engaging creatively with communities in the region. Concert venues Metro Radio Arena The largest venue used for music concerts is St James Park, home of Newcastle United, which has also previously been used for Rugby League games and the Olympic Games. The second largest music venue in Newcastle is the 11,000-seat Metro Radio Arena, which opened in 1995 and hosts major pop and rock concerts.[169][170] Newcastle City Hall is one of the oldest venues in the region and "attracts big names who are often legends of the past".[169] Both of the city's universities have venues that mainly host indie and alternative bands.[169] On 14 October 2005 the 2,000 capacity O2 Academy Newcastle opened in the city centre. It had previously been a music venue in the 1960s, hosting concerts by The Beatles and The Who.[171] The new venue was headlined by The Futureheads on the opening night and known as the Carling Academy for a number of years. Since opening the venue has hosted performances by major bands and solo musicians including Adele, Arctic Monkeys, Katy Perry, The Libertines, Blondie and Amy Winehouse.[172] O2 Academy Newcastle The Riverside music venue on Melbourne Street, open from 1985 until 1999, notably hosted Nirvana's first European show in 1989.[173] The venue also welcomed Oasis, David Bowie and The Stone Roses and was named Best Regional Venue by NME in 1993.[174] Riverside has also been the subject of a book, Riverside: Newcastle's Legendary Alternative Music Venue.[175] In 2016 open-air concerts will take place at Times Square for the first time, including performances from Maxïmo Park, Ocean Colour Scene and Catfish and the Bottlemen.[176][177][178] The small music venue Think Tank? was a nominee for Best Small Venue in NME in 2015.[179] The Cluny in Ouseburn Valley is "one of the most important venues for breaking bands in the region".[180] Trillians Rock Bar is well-noted for its rock and metal shows,[169] and The Head of Steam is a 90-capacity basement venue described as "one of Newcastle's staple venues".[181] Independent Cinema Tyneside Cinema, designed and built by Dixon Scott, great uncle of Ridley and Tony Scott[182] Newcastle has one independent cinema, the Tyneside Cinema,[183] located on Pilgrim Street. It originally opened as the 'Bijou News-Reel Cinema' in 1937, and was designed and built by Dixon Scott, great-uncle of film directors Ridley Scott[182] and Tony Scott. The Pilgrim Street building was refurbished between November 2006 and May 2008; during the refurbishment works, the cinema relocated to the Old Town Hall, Gateshead. In May 2008 the Tyneside Cinema reopened in the restored and refurbished original building.[184] The site currently houses three cinemas, including the restored Classic[185] —the United Kingdom's last surviving news cinema still in full-time operation—alongside two new screens, and dedicated education and teaching suites. Museums and galleries There are several museums and galleries in Newcastle, including the Centre for Life[186] with its Science Village;[187] the Discovery Museum[188] a museum highlighting life on Tyneside, including Tyneside's shipbuilding heritage, and inventions which changed the world; the Great North Museum;[189] in 2009 the Newcastle on Tyne Museum of Antiquities merged with the Great North Museum (Hancock Museum);[190] Seven Stories, the National Centre for Children's Books;[143][144] the Side Gallery with historical and contemporary photography from around the world and Northern England;[191] and the Newburn Motor Museum.[192] The Laing Art Gallery, similarly to other art galleries and museums around the world, has collections digitised on the Google Cultural Institute,[193][194] an initiative that makes important cultural material accessible online. TV and film See also: Category:Films set in Newcastle upon Tyne and Category:Television shows set in Newcastle upon Tyne The earliest known film featuring some exterior scenes filmed in the city is On the Night of the Fire (1939),[195] though by and large the action is studio-bound. Later came The Clouded Yellow (1951) and Payroll (1961), both of which feature more extensive scenes filmed in the city. The gangster thriller Get Carter (1971) was shot on location in and around Newcastle and offers an opportunity to see what Newcastle looked like in the early 1970s.[196] The city was also backdrop to another gangster film, the film noir Stormy Monday (1988), directed by Mike Figgis and starring Tommy Lee Jones, Melanie Griffith, Sting and Sean Bean.[197] The city has been the setting for films based around football; films such as Purely Belter (2000),[198] The One and Only (2002)[199] and Goal![200] have all been focused around Tyneside. The comedy School for Seduction (2004), starring Kelly Brook was also filmed in Newcastle.[201] The Bollywood film Hum Tum Aur Ghost (2010) was shot on location in Newcastle's city centre and features key scenes in and around Grainger Town.[202] The film Public Sex (2009) was shot in and around Newcastle, and features several scenes under and around the Tyne Bridge. Crime drama Harrigan (2013) was filmed in the city as well as Gateshead and Teesside.[203] Economy See also: List of companies based in Newcastle upon Tyne Newcastle played a major role during the 19th-century Industrial Revolution, and was a leading centre for coal mining, shipbuilding, engineering, munitions and manufacturing. Heavy industries in Newcastle declined in the second half of the 20th century; with office, service and retail employment now becoming the city's staples. Newcastle is the commercial, educational and the cultural hub of North East England. Today, Newcastle's economy contributes around £13 billion to the UK GVA.[204] This figure is mostly produced by corporate activity in Newcastle's Central Business District, located in the centre of the city (bounded by the Haymarket, Central Station and the Quayside areas). The city's thriving nightlife is estimated to be worth £340 million per year, and consequently is seen as a major contributor to Newcastle's economy.[205] The UK's first biotechnology village, the Centre for Life, is located by Central Station. The village is the first step in the City Council's plans to transform Newcastle into a science city.[206] Retail North entrance of Northumberland Street In 2010, Newcastle was positioned ninth in the retail centre expenditure league of the UK.[207] There are several major shopping areas in Newcastle City Centre. The largest of these is the Eldon Square Shopping Centre, one of the largest city centre shopping complexes in the UK.[208] It incorporates a Debenhams store as well as one of the largest John Lewis & Partners stores in the UK. This John Lewis branch was formerly known as Bainbridge, established in 1838, often cited as the world's first department store.[209] Emerson Bainbridge (1817–1892),[210] a pioneer and the founder of Bainbridge,[211] sold goods via department, a new arrangement of trade for that time. The Bainbridge official ledgers reported revenue by department, giving birth to the name department store.[210][211] Eldon Square is currently undergoing a full redevelopment. A new bus station, replacing the old underground bus station, was officially opened in March 2007.[212] The wing of the centre, including the undercover Green Market, near Grainger Street was demolished in 2007 so that the area could be redeveloped.[213] This was completed in February 2010 with the opening of a Debenhams department store as well as other major stores including Apple, Hollister and Guess.[214] Central Arcade, Newcastle upon Tyne The main shopping street in the city is Northumberland Street. In a 2004 report, it was ranked as the most expensive shopping street in the UK for rent, outside London.[215] It is home to two major department stores including the first and largest Fenwick department store, which houses some of the most luxurious designer labels, and one of the largest Marks and Spencer stores outside London. Both stores have entrances into Eldon Square Shopping Centre. Other shopping destinations in Newcastle include Grainger Street and the area around Grey's Monument, the relatively modern Eldon Garden and Monument Mall complexes, Central Arcade and the traditional Grainger Market. On Blackett Street can be found the silversmith Reid & Sons which was established in the city in 1788.[216] Outside the city centre, the largest suburban shopping areas are Gosforth and Byker. The largest Tesco store in the United Kingdom is located in Kingston Park on the edge of Newcastle.[217] Close to Newcastle, the largest indoor shopping centre in Europe, the MetroCentre, is located in Gateshead. Population Jesmond has become an affluent area and is popular with students. Stanhope Street in Arthur's Hill is home to one of the largest Asian communities in North East England. Gosforth High Street in the north of the city. According to the ONS, Newcastle had a population of 293,000 in 2015.[218] Tyneside (made up of Newcastle and the surrounding metropolitan boroughs of Gateshead, North Tyneside and South Tyneside) has a population of approximately 880,000, making it the eighth most populous urban area in the UK.[219] The wider metropolitan area of Tyneside-Wearside has a population of approximately 1,122,000. Additionally, Newcastle is home to a large temporary population of students from Newcastle and Northumbria universities. Areas of suburban Newcastle with major student populations include Jesmond, Gosforth, Sandyford, Spital Tongues and Heaton.[220] YearPopulation 180133,322 185180,184 1901246,905 1911293,944 1921309,820 1931326,576 1941333,286 1951340,155 1961323,844 1971308,317 1981272,923 1991277,723 2001259,573 2011292,200 Demographics Age According to the same statistics, the average age of people living in Newcastle is 37.8 years, compared to the national average being of 38.6 years. Religion From the 2011 Census, two significant religions could be identified in the city: Christian and Muslim. 56.6% of Newcastle identified as Christian and 6.3% as Muslim.[221] Over 28% stated they have no religious affiliation. Ethnicity and nationality According to the 2011 census,[222] the metropolitan borough of Newcastle upon Tyne was predominately white, representing 85.3% of the population (including non-British white). Asians made up 9.8% of the population (2.3% Pakistani, 1.7% 'Bangladeshi', 1.8% 'Indian', 2.2% 'Chinese', 1.8% 'Asian other'). Black people make up a small proportion of the population (1.7% 'Black African', 0.1% 'Black Caribbean' and 0.1% 'Black other'), as do mixed race groups at 1.6% (0.6% 'Asian and White', 0.3% 'White and Caribbean', 0.3% 'White and African', 0.4% 'White and Other'). The last significantly sized ethnic community in Newcastle is 'Arab' at 0.9%. The remainder of the population, 0.5%, represent other ethnicities. Large populations of ethnic minorities can be found in areas such as Elswick, Wingrove and Arthurs Hill.[223] According to the 2011 UK Census, those born outside the UK were mainly from India (3,315), China (3,272), Pakistan (2,644), Bangladesh (2,276), Poland (1,473), Germany (1,357), Nigeria (1,226), Iran (1,164), Hong Kong (1,038) and Ireland (942).[223] In the North East, Newcastle was the most ethnically diverse district followed by Middlesbrough. There are also small but significant Chinese, Jewish and Eastern European populations. The International Organization for Migration states there are estimated to be between 500 and 2,000 Bolivians in Newcastle, one of the largest populations in any city in the UK.[224][225] Geordies Main article: Geordie The regional nickname for people from Newcastle and the surrounding area is Geordie. The Latin term Novocastrian can equally be applied to residents of any place called Newcastle, although it is most commonly used for ex-pupils of the city's Royal Grammar School.[226] Dialect The dialect of Newcastle is also referred to as Geordie. It contains a large amount of vocabulary and distinctive words and pronunciations not used in other parts of the United Kingdom. The Geordie dialect has much of its origins in the language spoken by the Anglo-Saxon populations who migrated to and conquered much of England after the end of Roman Imperial rule. This language was the forerunner of Modern English; but while the dialects of other English regions have been heavily altered by the influences of other foreign languages—particularly Latin and Norman French—the Geordie dialect retains many elements of the old language. An example of this is the pronunciation of certain words: "dead", "cow", "house" and "strong" are pronounced "deed", "coo", "hoos" and "strang"—which is how they were pronounced in the Anglo-Saxon language. Other Geordie words with Anglo-Saxon origins include: "larn" (from the Anglo-Saxon "laeran", meaning "teach"), "burn" ("stream") and "gan" ("go").[227] According to the British Library, "Locals insist there are significant differences between Geordie and several other local dialects, such as Pitmatic and Mackem. Pitmatic is the dialect of the former mining areas in County Durham and around Ashington to the north of Newcastle upon Tyne, while Mackem is used locally to refer to the dialect of the city of Sunderland and the surrounding urban area of Wearside".[228] "Bairn" and "hyem", meaning "child" and "home", respectively, are examples of Geordie words with origins in Scandinavia;[229] barn and hjem are the corresponding modern Norwegian and Danish words. Some words used in the Geordie dialect are used elsewhere in the Northern United Kingdom. The words "bonny" (meaning "pretty"), "howay" ("come on"), "stot" ("bounce") and "hadaway" ("go away" or "you're kidding"), all appear to be used in Scots; "aye" ("yes") and "nowt" (IPA://naʊt/, rhymes with out, "nothing") are used elsewhere in Northern England. Many words, however, appear to be used exclusively in Newcastle and the surrounding area, such as "canny" (a versatile word meaning "good", "nice" or "very"), "hacky" ("dirty"), "netty" ("toilet"), "hoy" ("throw", from the Dutch gooien, via West Frisian), "hockle" ("spit").[230] Health Royal Victoria Infirmary According to research from 2011, public health and levels of deprivation in Newcastle upon Tyne was generally worse than average in England.[231] As levels of deprivation is considerably higher than the nationwide average, sociologists argue that as a r

THE CANADIAN ENCYCLOPEDIA
"editor-in-chief" James H.Marsh. Edmonton, Hurtig Publishers Limited, 1985. ISBN o-8883o-269-X. 3 volumes in 9-1/8 12-1/16 x 5 ivory linen-covered brown board slipbox, both sides printed gold foil letterpress: 1. THE CANADIAN ENCYCLOPEDIA VOLUME I A - For.. ISBN o-8883o-27o-3. 8-7/16 x 1o-7/8, 176 sheets white Rolland 5o Lb S.T. Encyclopedia Opaque folded to 22 signatures of 8 sheets each, sewn pearl white in 11 stitches & glued into white heavy bond endpapers & 8-13/16 x 11-5/16 navy linen-covered boards with approx.1-7/16" yellow & blue cloth applique head~ & tailbands, spine only printed gold foil letterpress, interiors all except 5 pp (versos of free endleaves & 3rd, 4th & 19th leaves) printed black offset with 3-colour process additions to 257 pp (436 black only); paginated i-xxxvii/1-666; 2. THE CANADIAN ENCYCLOPEDIA VOLUME II For - Pat. ISBN o-8883o-271-1. as volume 1 but sewn pearl cream in double-stitches, 3-colour process additions to 339 pp (365 black only); paginated 669-137o; 3. THE CANADIAN ENCYCLOPEDIA VOLUME III Pat - Z. ISBN o-8883o-272-X. as volume 1 but 18o sheets in 23 signatures (the 18th of 4 sheets), with 3-colour process additions to 284 pp (431 black only); paginated 1373-2o89. all volumes with uniform endpaper graphic by Tom McNeely. 2676 contributors ID'd (note: 376 asterisked names contribute to all 3 volumes; questioned names appear in the index without their contribution(s) having been located): Caroline Louise Abbott*, Irving Abella*, Thomas S.Abler*, Baha R.Abu-Laban, Donald F.Acton, W.Peter Adams, Peter A.Adie, Catherine Ahearn, David E.Aiken*, Jim Albert, Frederick A.Aldrich, Peter Aliknak, Gratien Allaire, Jacques Allard, A.Richard Allen, Karyn Elizabeth Allen, Max Allen, Robert S.Allen*, Willard F.Allen, Marlene Michele Alt*, John Amatt, Laurent Amiot, Pierre Anctil, Bob Anderson, Donald W.Anderson*, Doris H.Anderson*, Duncan M.Anderson, Frank W.Anderson, Grace Merle Anderson, Peter S.Anderson*, Christopher A.Andreae, Bernard Andres*, Sheila Andrew, Florence K.Andrews, Donald F.P.Andrus, Paul Anicef, Thomas H.Anstey*, Louis Applebaum, Christon I.Archer*, David J.W.Archer, Clinton Archibald, Mary Archibald, Eugene Arima, Allan Arlett, Leslie Armour, G.M.H.Armstrong(?), Pat Armstrong, W.Armstrong, John T.Arnason, Georges Arsenault, Celine Arseneault*, Eric R.Arthur, Alan F.J.Artibise*, Michael I.Asch, Kenojuak Ashevak, Kiugak Ashoona, Athanasios Asimakopulos, Alain Asselin, Barbara Astman, John Atchison, Margaret Atwood, Irene E.Aubrey, Alasi Audla, Karl Aun, Peter J.Austin-Smith, Helgi H.Austman, Donald H.Avery, William A.Ayer, Hugh D.Ayers, G.Burton Ayles, John Ayre, Maureen Aytenfisu, Douglas R.Babcock, Robert H.Babcock, Robert E.Babe, Morrell P.Bachynski, George Back, Harry Baglole, David H.Bai, Margaret J.Baigent, Karen E.Bailey, David M.Baird, Patricia A.Baird, Allan J.Baker, G.Blaine Baker, Melvin Baker*, Douglas O.Baldwin, John R.Baldwin, Gordon Bale, Robert J.Bandoni, Paul A.Banfield, Marilyn J.Barber, Douglas F.Barbour*, Clifford A.V.Barker, Jon C.Barlow, Jean Barman, David T.Barnard, John Barnes, Reg Barnes, Elinor Barr, John J.Barr, Robert F.Barratt*, [--?--] Barrett, Tony Barrett, Wayne R.Barrett, H.J.Barrie, Ted Barris*, George S.Barry, Donald R.Bartlett, William Henry Bartlett, James F.Basinger, Peter A.Baskerville, Marilyn J.Baszczynski, Alan H.Batten*, Jean-Louis Baudouin(?), Carol Baum, Jules Bazin, Gladys Bean, William R.Beard, Belinda A.Beaton*, Henri Beau, Gerald-A.Beaudoin*, Rejean Beaudoin, Jacqueline Beaudoin-Ross, Louise Beaudry, France Beauregard, Brian P.N.Beaven, J.Murray Beck*, Margaret Beckman, John Beckwith, Roger Bedard, Michael Bedford, Don R.Beer, Michael D.Behiels*, Madeleine Beland, Mario Beland, Guy Belanger, Real Belanger, Rene Belanger, Jean Belisle, Norman W.Bell, Ruben C.Bellan, Andre Belleau, Jacques-Nicolas Bellin, Rene J.Belzile*, J.W.Bengough, Gerry Bennett, John Bennett*, Edward Horton Bensley, Douglas Bentham, D.M.R.Bentley, W.D.Bentley, David J.Bercuson, William Von Moll Berczy, John J.Bergen, Jeniva Berger, Thomas R.Berger, Claude Bergeron, A.T.Bergerud, Norbert Berkowitz, Andre Bernard, Frank R.Bernard*, Jean-Paul Bernard, Jean-Thomas Bernard, Jacques Bernier*, Marc Bernier, Silvie Bernier, Elliott Bernshaw, Nicole Bernshaw, Jonathan Berry, Michael J.Berry, Ralph Berry, Pierre Berton*, Neil Besner*, Diane E.Bessa, Carl Betke, Roger Betz, John Michael Bewers, Onnig Beylerian, M.Vincent Bezeau, Reginald W.Bibby, Gilles Bibeau, Ivan B.Bickell, Julius Bigauskas, Petro B.T.Bilaniuk, B.C.Binning, Carolyn J.Bird(?), Michael S.Bird, Richard M.Bird, Andrew Birrell, Carol Anne Bishop, Charles A.Bishop, Mary F.Bishop, Alastair Bissett-Johnson, Conrad M.Black, Joseph Laurence Black, Meredith Jean Black, Naomi Black, Robert G.Blackadar, Robert H.Blackburn, John D.Blackwell, Alex M.Blair, Robert Blair, Andre Blais, Phyllis R.Blakeley, Elsie Blaschke, J.Sherman Bleakney, Bertram C.Blevis, Lawrence C.Bliss, Michael Bliss, E.D.Blodgett, Jean Blodgett, Hans Blohn, Ronald Bloor, Arthur W.Blue, Robin W.Boadway, David A.Boag, Douglas H.Bocking*, Jack Boddington, Trevor Boddy, John M.Bodner, George J.Boer, James P.Bogart, Jean Sutherland Boggs, Tibor Bognar, Gilles Boileau, Aurelien Boivin, Bernard Boivin*, Jean Boivin, Andre Bolduc, Yves Bolduc, Glen W.Boles*, Francis W.P.Bolger, Kenneth E.Bollinger, George Bonavia, Flint Bondurant, Joseph Bonenfant, Gayle Bonish, Roy Bonisteel, Rudy Boonstra*, Paul-Emil Borduas, Robert Bothwell*, Robert D.Bott, Randy Bouchard*, Michel A.Boucher, Gilles Boulet, Roger H.Boulet, Doug Boult, Andre G.Bourassa*, Nicole Bourbonnais, Pierre L.Bourgault, Patricia E.Bovey, Wilbur Fee Bowker, Roy T.Bowles, Hartwell Bowsfield, Christine Boyanoski, Farrell M.Boyce, John Boyd, Oliver A.Bradt, William J.Brady, Chris Braiden, F.Gerald Brander, Guy R.Brassard, Ted J.Brasser, Bernard Brault, R.Matthew Bray*, David H.Breen*, Francois Bregha, Willard Brehaut*, J.William Brennan*, Paul W.Brennan, Fred Breummer, John E.C.Brierley*, Jean L.Briggs, David R.Brillinger, Jack Brink, Ralph O.Brinkhurst, Andre Brochu, Irwin M.Brodo, Somer Brodribb, Alan A.Brookes, Ian A.Brookes*, Bill Brooks*, David B.Brooks, Robert S.Broughton, David Brown, Desmond H.Brown*, E.Brown, Jennifer S.H.Brown*, R.G.B.Brown*, Robert Craig Brown, Roy I.Brown, Thomas E.Brown*, Lorne D.Bruce, John H.Brumley, Alan G.Brunger, Reinhart A.Brust, Rorke Bardon Bryan, Giles Bradley Bryant, Thomas A.Brzustowki, [--?--] Buache, Norman Buchignani, Ruth Matheson Buck, Phillip A.Buckner*, Geoff Budden, Susan Buggey, Lise Buisson, J.M.Bumsted*, James Burant, Joan Burke, Robert D.Burke, Jean Burnet, David Burnett*, Marilyn Schiff Burnett*, Dorothy K.Burnham, Eedson Louis Millard Burns, Robert J.Burns, Robin Burns, Ian Burton, Jack Bush, Paul Buteux*, Frank Taylor Butler, K.Jack Butler, William Butterfield, Edward Butts, Robert E.Butts, Marcel Cadotte, John C.Callaghan, John W.Callahan, Lorraine Camerlain, Bill Cameron, Christina Cameron, Duncan Cameron, Elspeth Cameron, Wendy Cameron*, A.Barrie Campbell, Beverly Campbell, Douglas F.Campbell, Gordon Campbell, Ian A.Campbell*, J.Milton Campbell, Neil John Campbell, Percy I.Campbell(?), Sandra Campbell, Richard Campion, William T.Cannon, Pierre Cantin, Usher Caplan, Emily F.Carasco, Clifton F.Carbin, Douglas Cardinal, Patrick Robert Thomas Cardy, Thomas H.Carefoot, J.M.S.Careless*, Jock Alan Carlisle, Derek Caron, Laurent G.Caron, Carole H.Carpenter, Ken Carpenter, Emily Carr, Gaston Carriere, Carman V.Carroll, Brian G.Carter, George E.Carter, Margaret Carter, Richard J.Cashin, Ian Casselman, George Catlin, Paul B.Cavers*, Richard Chabot, Roland Chagnon, Edward J.Chambers, Francis J.Chambers, James Chambers, Robert D.Chambers, Michel Champagne*, James K.Chapman, John D.Chapman, Louis Charbonneau, Murray Norman Charlton, L.Margaret Chartrand, Luc chatrand, Rene Chartrand, Brian D.E.Chatterton, Michael Vincent Cheff, Walter I.Childers, Peter D.Chimbos, Alexander J.Chisholm, Robert Choquette, Catherine D.Chorniawy, Timothy J.Christian, William E.Christian, Carl A.Christie, G.L.Christie, Innis Christie, B.Bert Chubey, Charles Stephen Churcher*, Janet Chute, S.Donald C.Chutter, Jacques Cinq-Mars, V.Claerhout*, John J.Clague, Michael Thomas Clandinin, A.McFadyen Clark, Howard C.Clark, Lovell C.Clark*, Paraskeva Clark, Robert H.Clark, T.Alan Clark, Thomas H.Clark, R.Allyn Clarke*, Stephen Clarkson, Wallace Clement, Nathalie Clerk*, Norman Clermont, Yves W.Clermont, Howard Clifford, Richard T.Clippingdae*, W.J.Clouston, Nicole Cloutier, Gigi Clowes, Brian W.Coad, John P.Coakley, Donna Coates, Bente Roed Cochran, J.P.Cockburn, James Cockburn, William James Cody*, Dale R.Cogswell, Fred Cogswell, Stanley A.Cohen, Susan G.Cole, Patricia H.Coleman, Elizabeth Collard, Malcolm M.C.Collins, John Robert Colombo*, Alex Colville, Charles Comfort, Odette Condemine, M.Patricia Connelly, James T.H.Connor, Leonard W.Conolly, Robert J.Conover*, Margaret Conrad, A.Brandon Conron, Brian E.Conway, F.Graham Cooch, Eung-Do Cook, Francis R.Cook, Owen Cook, Kenyon Cooke, O.A.Cooke*, David Cooper, Gordon William Cope, Pierre Corbeil, Frank Corcoran, J.Clement Cormier, Peter McCaul Cornell, Vincenzo Coronelli, Frank Cosentino*, Ronald L.Cosper, Jacques Cotnam, Robert T.Coupland, Thomas J.Courchene, John J.Courtney, John J.Cove, Jeff G.Cowan, Harold G.Coward, Bruce Cox, Diane Wilson Cox, Michael F.Crabb*, Laurence Harold Cragg, Mary M.Craig*, Terrence L.Craig, Ian K.Crain, Brian A.Crane, David Crane, John L.Cranmer-Byng, Donald A.Cranstone, David L.Craven, Roy D.Crawford, Tim Creery, Philippe Crine, Harold Crookell, John Crosby*, Michael S.Cross, Diane Crossley, E.J.Crossman, Omer Croteau, A.David Crowe, Keith Jeffray Crowe, David M.Cruden, David A.Cruickshank, Paul E.Crunican, Rudolf P.Cujes, Maurice Cullen, Carman W.Cumming, Leslie Merrill Cumming, Philip J.Currie, Raymond F.Currie, Walter A.Curtin*, Christopher G.Curtis*, James E.Curtis, Leonard J.Cusack, Maurice Cutler, Jerome S.Cybulski, Joachim B.Czypionka, Anne Innis Dagg, Lorraine G.D'Agincourt*, Edward H.Dahl, Hallvard Dahlie, Moshie E.Dahms, Hugh Monro Dale, Ralph Dale, John H.Dales, Micheline D'Allaire, F.Dally, D.Daly, Eric W.Daly, Pierre Dansereau, Ruth Danys, Regna Darnell, Hugh A.Daubeny, Paul Davenport, Gilbert David, Helene David, Peter P.David, William A.B.Davidson, Adriana A.Davies, Gwendolyn Davies, Jim Davies, John A.Davies, R.K.S.Davies, Thomas Davies, Ann Davis, Chuck Davis, Richard C.Davis, Michael J.Dawe, John M.Day, Lawrence Day, Barbara K.Deans, P.Dearden, Chris DeBresson, Theod De Bry, Malcolm Graeme Decarie, Samuel De Champlain*, Bart F.Deeg*, Ronald K.Deeprose, James DeFelice, C.G.Van Zyll De Jong, Nicolas J.De Jong*, J.De Lavoye, Vincent M.Del Buono, Guillaume Delisle, L.Denis Delorme, Hugh A.Dempsey*, L.James Dempsey, A.A.Den Otter, Dora De Pedery-Hunt, Honor De Pencier, D.De Richeterre, Jacques F.Derome, Duncan R.Derry, Ramsay Derry, Peter Desbarats, Pierre Desceliers, Donald Deschenes, Jean-Luc DesGranges, Andree Desilets*, Yvon Desloges, Gerald L.De Sorcy, Marquis De Tracy, John DeVisser*, Lyle Dick, Lloyd Merlin Dickie, John A.Dickinson, W.Trevor Dickinson, Nigel Dickson, Larry Dillon, Milan V.Dimic, Gerard Dion, Rene Dion, Gerald E.Dirks, Patricia G.Dirks, Richard J.Diubaldo, Murray Dobbin, Mike Dobel, A.Rodney Dobell, Diane Dodd, Donald Andrew Dodman, Audrey D.Doerr, Allen Doiron, Claude Ernest Dolman, Louise Dompierre, Mairi Donaldson, Sue Ann Donaldson, Mark A.Donelan(?), Margaret Mary Donnelly, John Donner, Andre Donneur, Penelope B.R.Doob*, Peter K.Doody, Joyce Doolittle, Anthony H.J.Dorsey, Gilles Dorian, Lydia Dotto, Roger A.Doucet, Leonard A.Doucette, Charles Dougall, Jane L.Dougan, Charles Douglas, W.A.B.Douglas*, William F.Dowbiggin, R.Keith Downey, Arthur T.Doyle*, Denzil J.Doyle, Richard J.Doyle, Pierre Doyon, Sharon Drache, Derek C.Drager, Wilhelmina M.Drake, D.W.Draper, James A.Draper, Nandor Fred Dreisziger, Kenneth F.Drinkwater, Bernadette Driscoll, Jean-Pierre Drolet, Glenn Drover, Ian M.Drummond*, R.Norman Drummond, Jean E.Dryden, Patrick D.Drysdale, Jean-Marie M.Dubois*, James R.Dubro, Leo Ducharme, Raymond Duchesne*, Francois Duchesneau, Jean-Marcel Duciaume, Madeleine Ducroq-Poirier, J.Dennis Duffy*, M.R.Dufresne, Walter W.Duley, Gaston Dulong, Micheline Dumont, Max J.Dunbar, Graham W.Duncan, Leonard Duncan, Neil J.Duncan, Marilyn E.Dunlop, A.Davidson Dunton, Jean R.Duperreault, Jean-Claude Dupont, Rene Durocher, Gabriel Dussault, Noel Dyck, Charles C.Dyer, James G.Dykes, John A.Eagle*, Peter R.Eakins, Ross Eaman, Harry C.Eastman, Dorothy Harley Eber, William John Eccles*, Christine Eddie, E.V.Eddie, Charles Edenshaw, Morris Edwards, Oliver Edward Edwards, Peggy Edwards, Roger B.Ehrhardt, Margrit Eichler, Neil Einarson, Wilfred L.Eisnor, R.Bruce Elder, Jean Elford, Peter Douglas Elias, C.W.J.Eliot, David R.Elliott, James A.Elliott, Kosso Eloul, John A.Elson, George Emery, Donald W.Emmerson, Douglas B.Emmons, Maurice Emond, William F.Empey, John R.English*, Murray W.Enkin, Philip C.Enros, Frank H.Epp, Robert Bruce Erb, Arthur Erickson, Anthony J.Erskine, Sorel Etrog, Brian L.Evans*, David Evans*, James Evans, John Evans, Ivan Kenneth Eyre, Joe Fafard, Curtis Fahey, Valerie J.Fall, A.Murray Fallis, Peter V.Fankboner, D.M.L.Farr*, Dorothy M.Farr, Fred Farrell*, Alison Feder, Sergey Fedoroff, Margery Fee, Kevin O'Brien Fehr, William Feindel, Seth R.Feldman, Donald Fenna, William O.Fennell, M.Brock Fenton, Terry L.Fenton, Bob L.Ferguson*, Howard L.Ferguson, Mary W.Ferguson*, Jean Ferron, Doug Fetherling*, George Field, John L.Field, Richard Henning Field, Leonard M.Findlay, Howard R.Fink, Maxwell Finklestein, Douglas A.Finlayson*, Gerard Finn, Douglas J.Fisher, Richard S.Fisher, Robin Fisher, Stan C.Fisher, John Walter Fitsell, Lionel LeMoine FitzGerald, Patrick J.Fitzgerald, Tim Fitzharris*, David J.Flaherty, Thomas Flanagan, R.B.Fleming, Sandford Fleming, Marilyn G.Flitton, Halle Flygare*, David G.Fong*, Maxwell L.Foran, Ernest R.Forbes*, R.E.Forbes, William B.Forbes, Richard G.Forbis, Dennis P.Forcese, Anne Rochon Ford, Clifford Ford, Derek C.Ford, Gillian Ford, Susan Ford, Bertrand Forest, Ronald W.Forrester, Warren D.Forrester, Eugene Alfred Forsey*, Frank R.Forsyth, Peter A.Forsyth, Claire-Andree Fortin, Gerald Fortin, Charles N.Forward, William F.Forward, Brian F.Foss, Franklin L.Foster, J.Bristol Foster, John E.Foster*, Michael K.Foster, Glenn B.Foulds, Nancy Brown Foulds, Edith M.Fowke, Marian Fowler, Charlie Fox, Paul W.Fox, Richard C.Fox, Daniel Francis*, Diane Francis, David Frank*, Julius F.Frank*, Colin Athel Franklin, C.E.S.Franks*, David Fransen, Robert T.Franson, Arman Frappier(?), Jorge Frascara, John A.Fraser, Kathleen D.J.Fraser, Robert Lochiel Fraser*, Pierre Frechette, Howard Townley Fredeen, Benjamin Freedman, Gordon Russel Freeman, Mac Freeman, Milton M.R.Freeman, Minnie Aodla Freeman, Roger D.Freeman, Walter H.P.Freitag, Carey French, Hugh M.French, James S.Frideres, Gerald Friesen, James D.Friesen, Stanley Brice Frost, Adam G.Fuerstenberg, Robert Fulford, Anthony M.Fuller, George R.Fuller, Thomas Fuller, William A.Fuller, Douglas H.Fullerton, Ian F.Furniss, Richard W.Fyfe*, William S.Fyfe, Rene Robert Gadacz*, Chad Gaffield, David P.Gagan, Michel Gagne, Francois-Marc Gagnon*, Victor Gaizauskas, Claude Galarneau, Peggy Gale, Gerald L.Gall*, Daniel T.Gallacher, Paul Gallagher, Strome Galloway, Natarajan Ganapathy, Herman Ganzevoort, David E.Gardner*, Eve Gardner, Norman Gardner, Ron Gardner, Christopher J.R.Garrett, John F.Garrett, Jane Gaskell, Lise Gauvin, M.J.Gauvin, Hugh J.Gayler, Douglas A.Geekie, John Grigsby Geiger*, Valerius Geist*, John Gellner, Paul Gendreau, Ghislain Gendron, M.V.George, Joseph F.Gerrath(?), Julia Gersovitz, Trisha Gessler, Ian A.L.Getty, Elmer N.Ghostkeeper(?), Jacques R.Giard, Sandra Gibb, Kenneth M.Gibbons, Graeme Gibson, Lee Gibson, William C.Gibson, Perry James Giffen, Elizabeth Hollingsworth Gignac, Richard Giguere, C.W.Gilchrist, J.N.Giles, John Patrick Gillese, Beryl C.Gillespie, Bill Gillespie, John M.Gillett, Margaret Gillett, Geraldine Gilliss, Alan M.Gillmor, Cedric Gillot, J.C.Gilson, Yves Gingras*, Andre Girouard, J.Gleadah, Burton Glendenning, Michael Gnarowski, David J.Goa, Barbara Godard, Ensley A.Godby, W.Earl Godfrey*, William G.Godfrey, R.Bruce Godwin(?), Cy Gonick, Cecilia A.Gonzales, Bryan N.S.Gooch, S.James Gooding, Jerry Goodis, John T.Goodman, R.G.Goold, Arthur S.Goos, Paul A.Goranson, Anne Gordon, Donald C.Gordon, Walter L.Gordon, Deborah Gorham, Harriet R.Gorham, Stanley W.Gorham, Calvin Carl Gotlieb, Daniel H.Gottesman, Barry Morton Gough, Joseph B.Gough, Judy Gouin*, Allan M.Gould*, Henri Goulet, Benoit-Beaudry Gourd*, James Iain Gow, Alan Gowans, J.Wesley Graham, Jane E.Graham, John F.Graham, Katherine A.Graham, Roger Graham, E.H.Grainger, J.L.Granatstein*, Alix Granger, Luc Granger, John A.G.Grant, John Webster Grant, Peter Grant*, Ted Grant, Carolyn Elizabeth Gray, David Robert Gray, Earle Gray*, G.Ronald Gray, James T.Gray, D'Arcy M.Greaves, Harold V.Green, J.Paul Green, Janet Green, Leslie C.Green*, Melvyn Green, Richard Green*, Reesa Greenberg, John P.Greene, Thomas B.Greenfield(?), Brereton Greenhous*, Cyril Greenland, John Edward Ross Greenshields, Allan Greer, Patrick T.Gregory, Robert W.Gregory, Julius H.Grey, Norman T.Gridgeman*, Foster J.K.Griezic, Herbert L.Griffin, John D.M.Griffin, Anthony J.F.Griffiths, Barry Griffiths, Graham C.D.Griffiths, Naomi E.S.Griffiths, Sergio Grinstein, Jack W.Grove, Patrick D.Gruber, Hans E.Gruen, Dennis Guest*, Hal J.Guest*, Arman Guilmette, Bernadette Guilmette, H.Pearson Gundy, Kristjana Gunnars, S.W.Gunner, Harry Emmet Gunning, Allan Guy, Julian Gwyn, Richard J.Gwyn, Peter P.Haanappel, Erich Haber, Carlotta Hacker, Jim Hackler, Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, Keith D.Hage, H.Haig, G.Brenton Haliburton, David J.Hall*, Frederick A.Hall*, Jim Hall, John W.Hall, Roger Hall, Mary E.Hallett, Hugh A.Halliday, Ian Halliday, Mary Halloran, Gerald Hallowell, Beryl M.Hallworth*, Francess G.Halpenny, Marjorie M.Halpin, V.Carl Hamacher, Louis-Edmond Hamelin, Donald G.Hamilton, Sally A.Hamilton, William B.Hamilton, Brent M.Hamre, Geoffrey Hancock, Lyn Hancock*, Piers Handling*, James Hanrahan, Asbjorn T.Hansen, John D.Harbron, Peter Harcourt, David F.Hardwick, Jean-Pierre Hardy, Rene Hardy, F.Kenneth Hare, Clara Hargittay, J.Anthony Hargreaves, Alex M.Harper, J.Russell Harper*, Richard Harrington*, Cole Harris, G.J.Harris, Lawren Harris, Peter Harris, R.Cole Harris, Robert Harris, Stephen Harris*, Stuart A.Harris, Lionel G.Harrison, Peter J.Harte, Al Harvey, David J.Harvey, Fred J.Hatch, Wilbert O.Haufe, Jo Hauser, Ronald G.Haycock*, Michael Hayden, Florence C.Hayes, David M.Hayne*, Robert H.Haynes, Carol Hayter, Henry F.Heald, Trevor D.Heaver, Richard J.Hebda, Gerard Hebert, C.D.Heidenreich, Conrad E.Heidenreich, Frederick M.Helleiner, Rudolph A.Helling, June Helm, Bruce S.Heming, Odile Henault, William B.Henderson, Tom Hendry, E.Henn, Ralph L.Hennessy, Jacques Henripin, Michael M.Henry, Yude M.Henteleff, Frank Alec Herbert, George Heriot, Alex W.Herman, Craig Heron*, Don J.Herperger, Stephen M.Herrero, Ingo Hessel, Phillip Hewett, Irving Hexham, Benedykt Heydenkorn, Edward S.Hickcox, Michael Hickman, Donald Higgins, David Higgs, Walter Hildebrandt, Charles Christie Hill, Harry M.Hill, Stanley Hill, Tom Hill, James K.Hiller*, Anne Trowell Hillmer*, Norman Hillmer*, W.G.R.Hind, Ole Hindsgaul, Sherman Hines, Akira Hirose, Carolyn Hlus, Helen Hobbs, R.Gerald Hobbs, James Hockings, John Edwin Hodgetts*, Bruce W.Hodgins, J.W.Hodgins, Judith F.M.Hoeniger, J.J.Hogan*, Helen Sawyer Hogg, Gerald Holdsworth, H.T.Holman, C.Janet Holmes, Jeffrey Holmes, John W.Holmes, Eric J.Holmgren*, Alvin George Hong, Frances Ann Hopkins, Robin Hopper, Peter Hopwood, Michiel Horn, Alan S.Hourston, C.Stuat Houston*, James Houston, Ross K.Howard, Victor M.Howard, Colin D.Howell, Julie O.Hrapko, Raymond Hudon, Douglas R.Hudson, Raymond J.A.Huel, Fred Huffman, Richard David Hughes, Elizabeth Hulse, William Humber*, Stephen Hume, Monte Hummel, Jack Humphrey, Charles W.Humphries, Edward William Humphrys, [--?--] Hunsberger, Geoffrey Hunt, John R.Hunter, Tony Hunt, Kenneth E.Hunter, Mel Hurtig, Mervyn J.Huston, Linda Hutcheon, Gerald M.Hutchinson, Roger C.Hutchinson, Richard J.Huyda, A.M.J.Hyatt, Doreen Marie Indra, Elizabeth Ingolfsrud, Avrom Isaacs, Colin F.W.Isaacs, Bill Ivy, David Jackel, Susan Jackel*, Sydney W.Jackman, A.Y.Jackson, Bernard S.Jackson, Graham Jackson, Harold Jackson, John D.Jackson, John James Jackson, John N.Jackson, Lionel E.Jackson, Robert J.Jackson, Roger C.Jackson, Stephen O.Jackson, Peter Jacob, Ronny Jacques, Cornelius J.Jaenen*, Donna James, Ellen S.James, Ross D.James*, Sheilagh S.Jameson, Stuart M.Jamieson, Hudson N.Janisch, Christian T.L.Janssen, Lorraine L.Janus, Richard A.Jarrell, Marguerite Jean, Alan H.Jeeves, T.Jefferys, Robert Jekyll, Michael Jenkin, Phyllis Marie Jensen, Vickie D.Jensen, Jane Jenson, L.Martin Jerry, Alan M.Jessop, Dean Jobb, Louis Jobin, Jan C.Jofriet(?), Peter Johansen, Timothy Johns, Walter H.Johns, J.K.Johnson, Peter Wade Johnson, Alfred G.Johnston, C.Fred Johnston, Charles M.Johnston, Frances E.M.Johnston, Frank Johnston, Hugh Johnston, Patricia C.Johnston, Richard Johnston, W.Stafford Johnston, William Johnston, Brian Jones, David Phillip Jones, Elwood Hugh Jones, Gaynor G.Jones, Laura Jones, Richard A.Jones*, Alan V.Jopling*, Colin Jose, Neal R.Jotham, Walter Jungkind, Richard Kadulski, Joseph Kage, A.A.Kahil, Patricia Kaiser, Warren E.Kalbach, Henry Kalen, Stephan Felix Kaliski, Helmut Kallman*, Karen Dazelle Kallweit*, Harold D.Kalman*, Paul Kane*, George Kapelos, Martha Kaplan, William Edward Kaplan, Isabel Kaprielian, Urjo Kareda, Malak Karsh, Yousuf Karsh, Peter Karsten, Elinor Mary Kartzmark, Naim Kattan, Martin L.Kaufmann, Leslie S.Kawamura, Gregory S.Kealey*, David R.Keane, King S.Kearns, Michael J.Keen, David L.Keenlyside, Elaine Keillor, W.J.Keith, William Stirling Keizer*, Frances C.Kelley, Louis Gerard Kelly, David D.Kemp, Walter H.Kemp, Kay Kendall, John Edward Kendle, Dorothy Kennedy*, J.E.Kennedy, John L.Kennedy*, Elizabeth H.Kennell, John A.C.Kentfield, John P.B.Kenyon, Walter A.Kenyon, Kenneth Kernaghan, Lois Kathleen Kernaghan*, Adam J.Kerr, Gordon R.Kerr, Robert B.Kerr, Stephen R.Kerr, Paula Kestelman, Jean-Pierre Kesteman, Wilfred H.Kesterton, Keith S.Ketchen, Douglas Keith McEwan Kevan*, Peter G.Kevan(?), J.E.Michael Kew, John Keyes, Bruce Kidd, Thomas W.Kierans, Gerald Killan, M.G.Kingshott, Ray A.Kingsmith, Stanislav J.Kirschbaum, John James Kirton, Walter Klaassen, Murray S.Klamkin, Lewis N.Klar, Stanley Klenganberg, Harold R.Klinck, Robert B.Klymasz, Richard W.Knapton*, Judith Knelman, Alan R.Knight, David B.Knight, Robert Hugh Knowles, Brian M.Knudsen, Franz M.Koennecke, Wray E.Koepke, Lilly Koltun, Paul M.Koroscil, J.Anthony Koslow, Myrna Anne Kostash, Tony Kot, Vladimir J.Krajina, Kate Kranck, Stephen J.Kraseman, Cheryl Krasnick(?), Peter V.Krats, J.A.Kraulis*, Charles J.Krebs, F.Henry Krenz, Cornelius Krieghoff, Andrea Kristof, Jerg Kroener, Martin Krossel, Larry L.Kulisek, Walter O.Kupsch, William Kurelek, Eva M.Kushner, Ernie Kuyt*, David Kwavnick, C.Ian Kyar, Micheline Labelle, Danielle Laberge, Michele Lacombe*, [--?--] La Cosa, Estelle Lacoursiere*, Laurier Lacroix, Michel Laferriere, Guy Lafrance, William G.Laidlaw, Mabel H.Laine*, Dennis Laing, Gertrude M.Laing, Claude Lajeunesse, G.-Raymond Laliberte, Andre N.Lalonde, W.Kaye Lamb*, Geoffrey Lambert, James H.Lambert*, George E.Lammers, Yvan Lamonde, Peter Lancaster, R.Brian Land, Pierre Landreville, E.David Lane*, Robert B.Lane, Robert P.Langlands, Wayne Lankinen*, Robert Lansdale, Karlis O.Lapin, Pierre-Louis Lapointe, Eleanor R.Laquian, Peter Anthony Larkin, Jean B.D.Larmour, Emma D.LaRocque, Andre Larose, Serge Larose, Jeanette Larouche, Edward N.Larter, Pierre LaSalle, Daniel Latouche*, Viviane F.Launay, Gerard Laurence, Karen Laurence, Marc Laurendeau, Michael Lauzon, Omer Lavallee, Kathleen Laverty*, Kenneth R.Lavery, Marie Lavigne, Patricia Johnston Lavigueur(?), Leslie M.Lavkulich, Michel Lavoie*, Paul Lavoie, Pierre Lavoie, Charles Law, Don G.Law-West, Jim Laxer, Arleigh H.Laycock, David H.Laycock, Richard E.C.Layne, Marvin Lazerson, Fred Lebensold, Hugues LeBlanc, Charles P.Leblond, Paul H.LeBlond, Sylvio LeBlond, Antonio Lechasseur*, Donald J.Lecraw, Johanne Ledoux, Fernand Leduc, Laurence LeDuc, Rene Leduc-Park, David Lee, John Alan Lee, Robin Leech, John G.Leefe, Joseph Legare, Camille Legendre, Russel D.Legge, Robert F.Legget*, Doug Leighton, Jean M.Leiper, Michel Lemaire, Jean-Paul Lemay, Pierre H.Lemieux, Raymond U.Lemieux, Vincent Lemieux, Guy Lemire, Maurice Lemire, Robert Lemire, Robert E.Lemon(?), Dorothy A.Lenarsic, Jos L.Lennards, Frank Lennon, Yvan G.Lepage, Donald J.Le Roy, Rodney L.LeRoy, Peter M.Leslie, M.Claude Lessard, Carol Anne Letheren, Trevor H.Levere, Malcolm Levin, Allan E.Levine, Gilbert Levine, Joseph Levitt, Brian S.Lewis, John B.Lewis, Joyce C.Lewis, Laurie Lewis, Elliott H.Leyton, James W.Lightbody, Norman R.Lightfoot, Jack N.Lightstone, Gary M.Lindberg, Ernest Lindner, Evert E.Lindquist*, Peter L.Lindsay, Joseph D.Lindsey, Paul-Andre Linteau, Mary Jane Lipkin, Arthur Lismer, Marilyn Lister, Rota Herzberg Lister*, John W.Y.Lit, Moe M.Litman, Donna Livingstone, Douglas G.Lochhead, Carl J.Lochnan*, Anthony R.Lock, Jack L.Locke, Gulbrand Loken, D.Edwards Loney, Kathleen Lord, James Lorimer, Frances Loring, Marcel Lortie, Arthur Loughton, Laurence Dale Lovick, Raymond Nicholson Lowes, Peter J.M.Lown, W.Mark Lowry, Edward P.Lozowski*, Frere Luc, D.Paul Lumsden, Harry G.Lumsden, Ian Gordon Lumsden, John Lund, Gar Lunney, Mandy R.Lupul, Real Lussier, John M.Lyle, John Goodwin Lyman, Gerald Lynch, Deborah Maryth Lyon*, G.F.Lyon, William I.Macadam, J.Malcolm Macartney, Terence Macartney-Filgate, Hugh MacCallum, Cathy Macdonald, G.Edward MacDonald, Heather MacDonald*, J.E.H.MacDonald, Les MacDonald, Martha MacDonald, R.H.Macdonald, Roderick A.Macdonald, Stewart D.MacDonald, Valerie Isabel Macdonald, April J.MacDougall, Heather MacDougall, Laurel Sefton MacDowell*, Thomas F.Mace, Grant MacEwan, Royce MacGillivray, James G.MacGregor, Joseph B.MacInnis, Tessa macIntosh, David Clark MacKenzie, Heather M.Mackenzie, Robert C.MacKenzie, Ross G.MacKenzie, William C.MacKenzie, George O.Mackie, C.S.Mackinnon, Frank MacKinnon, William R.MacKinnon, Bruce B.MacLachlan, Roy MacLaren, Raymond A.MacLean, Kenneth Ogilvie MacLeod, Malcolm MacLeod, Pegi Nicol MacLeod, Roderick C.Macleod, Carrie H.MacMillan, Keith MacMillan, Andrew H.Macpherson, Duncan Macpherson, Ian MacPherson*, Kay Macpherson, Roger W.Macqueen, Donald A.MacRae, Anthony A.Magnin, Warren Magnuson, Gilles-D.Mailhiot, Laurent Mailhot*, Pierre Mailhot*, J.S.Maini, Lise Maisonneuve, Jean-Louis Major(?), Robert Major, Peter Malkin, David Malloch, Cedric R.Mann, Kenneth H.Mann, Martha Mann, J.R.Marchand, Anthony Mardiros, Michel Marengere, Leo Margolis, Salomon Marion, Philip De Lacey Markham, William E.Markham, James H.Marsh*, John S.Marsh*, J.Stewart Marshall, Victor W.Marshall, J.Douglas Martin, Jean-Claude Martin, John E.H.Martin, Sandra Martin, Andre Martineau(?), May Maskow, Allan M.Maslove, Donald C.Masters, Perry Mastrovito, John Ross Matheson, William A.Matheson, R.D.Mathews, Robin Mathews, William G.Mathewson, Thomas Mathien*, John R.Mathieson, Jacques Mathieu*, Keith Matthews, John S.Matthiasson, David Mattison, Mary McDougall Maude*, Jean Mauger, Christopher J.Maule, Alfred R.Maurer, Jean Mauvide, Valerie J.May, Valerie L.May, John Maybank*, Paul F.Maycock, Jack Maze, R.Ann McAfee, Don E.McAllister, William J.McAndrew, D.S.McBean, W.A.E.McBryde, Christina McCall, Douglas McCalla, Margaret Elizabeth McCallum, Lawrence D.McCann*, S.B.McCann, Bennett McCardle*, Peter J.McCart, Michael J.McCarthy, Catharine McClellan, P.McCloskey, W.H.McConnell, A.Ross McCormack, Jane McCracken, Harvey A.McCue, James A.W.McCulloch, A.B.McCullough, Michael McDonald, Allan K.McDougall, Anne McDougall*, John N.McDougall, Robert L.McDougall, Duncan McDowall, Alec C.McEwen, Freeman L.McEwen, K.D.McFadden, Jean McFall, Pat McFarlane(?), Tom McFeat, Elizabeth W.McGahan, Harold Franklin McGee Jr., Timothy J.McGee, Robert McGhee*, William B.McGill(?), Donald G.McGillivray, Roderick Alan McGinn, Janice Dickin McGinnis*, Pauline McGregor, Eric McGuinness, Dave McIntosh, W.John McIntyre, Alexander G.McKay, Gordon A.McKay, J.Alex McKeague, John McKee, Ruth McKendry, Barbara A.McKenna, Brian McKenna, Ruth McKenzie, Rita McKeough, A.Brian McKillop*, J.McLachlan, Angus McLaren, Ian A.McLaren, K.M.McLaughlin, Kenneth McLaughlin, Catherine M.McLay, A.Anne McLellan, Cam McLeod(?), Elizabeth McLuhan, Gerald R.McMaster, Barclay McMillan*, Donald Burley McMillan, Michael McMordie*, Lorraine McMullen*, Stanley E.McMullin, William C.McMurray, Debra A.McNabb*, Anne McNamara, Kenneth McNaught, Tom McNeely*, Martin K.McNicholl*, Jean McNulty, Hugo A.McPherson, Sandra F.McRae, King G.McShane*, Ian McTaggart-Cowan*, Peter B.E.McVetty, Ian R.McWhinney, Stanley R.Mealing*, Sheva Medjuck, John Medley, Harry Medovy, Sharon P.Meen, Benoit Melancon, William H.Melody*, James R.Melvin, Philip E.Merilees, Jim Merrithew*, Ann Messenger, George Metcalf, David R.Metcalfe, Janis John Mezaks, T.H.Glynn Michael, Jacques Michon, F.W.Micklethwaite, Tom Middlebro', Ivan Mihaychuk, James Francis Verchere Millar, A.J.Miller, Carman Miller*, Elizabeth Russell Miller, J.R.Miller, John A.Miller, Judith N.Miller, Mark Miller*, Mary Jane Miller, Orlo Miller, Leslie Millin, Peter B.Millman, Thomas R.Millman, Charles A.Mills, Dave Mills, David Mills*, Eric L.Mills, Isabel Margaret Mills, Trevor Mills, Brian Milne, David Milne, David A.Milne*, William J.Milne, Marc Milner, David G.Milton, Janice Milton, Gordon Minnes, Dale Miquelon*, Edward D.Mitchell*, Ken R.Mitchell, Lillian Mitchell, Wendy L.Mitchinson, Johann W.Mohr, John S.Moir*, George Dempster Molnar, Patrick M.Moncrieff, Jacques Monet*, Ian Montagnes, D.Wayne Moodie, Susanna Moodie, Barry M.Moody, Peter N.Moogk*, Kathleen A.Mooney, Christopher Moore, James G.G.Moore, Keith L.Moore, Teresa Moore, Andrew J.Moriarty, E.Alan Morinis, Pierre Morisset, Yves-Marie Morissette, Raymond Moriyama, Richard E.Morlan, J.Terence Morley*, Patricia A.Morley, T.J.Morley, J.W.Morrice, Cerise Morris, Peter Morris*, David A.Morrison, Jack W.Morrison, Jean Morrison*, Kenneth L.Morrison*, Rod Morrison, W.Douglas Morrison, William R.Morrison*, Norval Morrisseau, Don Morrow, Pat Morrow*, Desmond Morton*, John K.Morton, Allan Moscovitch, John Moss, Mary Jane Mossman, Roger Motut, Farley Mowat, Susanne Mowat, David S.Moyer, R.Gordon Moyles, Maria Muehlen, R.D.Muir, Del A.Muise, Francis C.Muldoon, Robert M.Mummery, Mohiudden Munawar, R.E.Munn, J.Ian Munro, Sean Murphy, Joan Murray*, Robert G.E.Murray, Brian T.P.Mutimer, Luba Mycio, John Myles, Robert Nadeau, Vincent Nadeau, Josephine C.Naidoo, George Nakash, Agnes Nanogak, A.Nantel, Roald Nasgaard, Roger P.Nason, Susan M.Nattrass, Francis P.D.Navin, Margaret Neal, Peter Neary, H.Blair Neatby, Leslie H.Neatby*, Edwin H.Neave, A.W.H.Needler, George T.Needler, James M.Neelin, Robert F.Neill, H.Vivian Nelles, Joseph S.Nelson, Pierre Nepveu*, David N.Nettleship*, Edward Peter Neufeld, Ronald W.Newfeldt, Shirley Neuman, William H.New, Michael J.Newark*, Dianne Newell, David L.Newlands, Peter C.Newman, Roy Nicholls, Norman L.Nicholson*, John S.Nicks, Murray William Nicolson, N.Ole Nielsen, Jorge E.Niosi*, Thomas Nisbet, Lawrence C.Nkendirim, William C.Noble, Ib L.Nonnecke, Kenneth H.Norrie, William Notman*, Barbara Novak*, J.Ralph Nursall, V.Walter Nuttall*, Allan O'Brien, John O'Brien, Lucius O'Brien, Serge Occhietti*, Shane O'Dea, Daphne Odjig, Ronald K.O'Dor, [--?--] Odesse, Jillian M.Officer*, Will Ogilvie, James A.Ogilvy*, Jean O'Grady, Timothy R.Oke, Kim Patrick O'Leary, R.V.Oleson, W.J.Oliver, Patrick B.O'Neill, Mario Onyszchuk, Robert R.Orford, Mark M.Orkin, Lionel Orlikow, Margaret A.Ormsby, Brian Stuart Osborne, Fernand Ouellet, Henri Ouellet, Real Ouellet, John N.Owens*, Doug R.Owram, Charles Pachter, John G.Packer(?), Donald M.Page, Garnet T.Page, James E.Page, Malcolm Page, Lee Paikin*, Sandra Paikowsky*, Howard Pain, Michael F.Painter, Jean Palardy, Murray S.Palay, Bryan D.Palmer, Howard Palmer, Tamara Jeppson Palmer, Khayyam Zev Paltiel, Leo Panitch, Frits Pannekoek*, Gerald Ernest Panting, Jean-Marc Paradis, Jean Pariseau*, Seth Park, George L.Parker, Graham E.Parker, Tom W.Parkin*, Timothy R.Parkins, [Joy?] Parr, Keith Parry, John Parsons, Ralph T.Pastore, Thomas H.Patching, Donald G.Paterson, Peter Paterson, W.Stan B.Paterson, Mariko Patrie*, E.P.Patterson, Freeman Patterson, G.James Patterson, Diane Paulette Payment, John G.Peacey*, Gordon B.Peacock, Frank A.Peake, Jane H.Pease, William H.Pease, Diana Pedersen, Susan Pedwell, Bruce Peel, Frank W.Peers, Alfred Pellan, Gerard Pelletier, Jacques Pelletier, Rejean Pelletier, W.Richard Peltier, Terence Penelhum, Norman Penner, M.James Penton*, Michael B.Percy, William T.Perks*, R.I.Perla, Trivedi V.N.Persaud, Erik J.Peters*, Robert Henry Peters, Jean Peterson, Jeannie Peterson, R.L.Peterson, Thomas E.Peterson, Jaroslav Petryshyn, Louis-Philippe Phaneuf, P.P.Phelan(?), Edward Phelps, Carol A.Phillips, David W.Phillips, Paul Phillips*, Roy A.Phillips*, Ruth Bliss Phillips, Truman P.Phillips, Ronald J.C.Phillipson*, Fred Phipps, Ellen I.Picard, Victor Piche, George L.Pickard, Richard A.Pierce, Claudine Pierre-Deschenes*, Ruth Roach Pierson, Juri Pill, Mike Pinder, K.A.Pirozynski, David G.Pitt, Janet E.M.Pitt*, Robert D.Pitt*, Joseph Pivato, Antoine Plamondon, Rejean Plamondon, Richard L.Plant, Jozinus Ploeg, Helene Plouffe*, T.J.Plunkett, Thomas K.Poiker, Mario Polese, H.Pollard, Frank Polnaszek, J.Rick Ponting, Annelies M.Pool*, Kananginak Pootoogook, Carol Ann Pope, Hugh A.Porteous, Arthur Porter, John R.Porter, Marion Porter, Michael Posluns, Bernard Pothier, Gilles Potvin, Gabrielle Poulin, Deborah J.Powell, James V.Powell, Margaret E.Prang, Christopher Pratt, Larry R.Pratt, Mary Pratt, Norman E.P.Pressman, E.Carter Preston, Richard A.Preston*, Richard J.Preston, Hugh Preston-Thomas, John A.Price, Alexander D.Pringle*, Gordon Pritchard*, John Pritchard, John T.A.Proctor, Michel Proulx, Pudlo Pudlat, Garth Charles Pugh, Nancy Pukingrnak, Terrence M.Punch, Eric D.Putt, Zenon W.Pylyshyn(?), Terence H.Qualter, Harvey A.Quamme, D.B.Quayle, Karl-Heinz Raach*, H.Keith Ralston, Victor J.Ramraj, Donald A.Ramsay, Peter G.Ramsden, P.Keith Raney, Toby Rankin, Egon Rapp, John Rasmussen, Mark A.Rasmussen*, Anthony W.Rasporich, Beverly J.Rasporich, George A.Rawlyk, Arthur J.Ray, Alan Rayburn, Gordon Rayner, Ed Rea, J.E.Rea*, John H.Read, Walter Redinger, Gerald Redmond*, Austin Reed, F.Leslie C.Reed, John Reeves, Randall R.Reeves*, Ellen M.Regan, T.D.Regehr*, Alison M.Reid, Bill Reid, David C.Reid, George Agnew Reid, Ian A.Reid, John G.Reid*, M.H.Lefty Reid, Richard Reid, Robert G.B.Reid, J.Nolan Reilly, Sharon Reilly, Henry M.Reiswig, Gil Remillard, A.Jim Rennie, Donald Andrews Rennie, Viljo Revell, Francois Ricard, Pierre Richard, John Richards, William D.Richards, Eric Harvey Richardson, Keith W.Richardson, W.George Richardson, Alex Richman, Roger R.Rickwood, Laurie Ricou, W.Craig Riddell, Peter E.Rider*, Robin Ridington, Walter E.Riedel, Paul W.Riegert*, Bert Riggs, Peter Rindisbacher, J.C.Ritchie, S.Andrew Robb, Jean-Claude Robert*, Lucie Robert, Eugene Roberto, Goodridge Roberts, John S.Roberts(?), William Roberts, Ian Ross Robertson*, J.A.L.Robertson, Raleigh John Robertson, Rejean Robidoux, Denise Robillard, Bart T.Robinson, J.Lewis Robinson*, Sinclair Robinson, Tom W.Robson, Yves Roby, Douglas Roche, Guy Rocher, William Rodney , Russell G.A.Rodrigo, Juan Rodriguez, Robert C.Roeder, Jacob Rogers*, Robert J.Rogerson*, Charles G.Roland, Eugene W.Romaniuk, Joseph R.Romanow(?), Barbara Romanowski, David Rome, George Romney, Keith Ronald, William Ronald, Donna Yavorsky Ronish, Edward Roper, Albert Rose, Phyllis Rose, Earl Rosen(?), Ann C.Rosenberg, Alexander M.Ross, Catherine Sheldrick Ross, David J.Ross, David P.Ross, Henry U.Ross, Gordon Rostoker, Gordon Oliver Rothney, George A.Rothrock, Samuel Rothstein, Abraham Rotstein, Leonard R.Roueche, Jacques Rouillard*, Guildo Rousseau, Henri-Paul Rousseau, Adolphe-Basile Routhier, Marie Routledge, Donald Cameron Rowat, R.Geoffrey Rowberry, Frederick W.Rowe, John Stanley Rowe, Kenneth Rowe, Percy A.Rowe, Gordon G.Rowland, Diana Rowley, Harry C.Rowsell, David J.Roy, Fernande Roy, Patricia E.Roy, Reginald H.Roy*, Kenneth Roy Rozee, Lorne Rubenstein*, Ken Rubin, Leon J.Rubin, Gerald J.Rubio, Mary H.Rubio, David-Thierry Ruddel, Norman J.Ruff, Wilson Ruiz, Norman A.Rukavina, Oliver John Clyve Runnalls, Robert John Rupert, Karl M.Ruppenthal, Roger Rushdy, Dale A.Russell, Hilary Russell, Loris S.Russell*, Peter A.Russell, Victor L.Russell*, Paul Frederick William Rutherford, R.W.Rutherford, Nathaniel W.Rutter, Douglas E.Ryan, James T.Ryan, John Ryan, Shannon Ryan, June M.Ryder, Stanley-Brehaut Ryerson(?), Oiva W.Saarinen, Ann P.Sabina, Nickolay Sabolotny, Moshe Safdie, Eric W.Sager, Marc Saint Hilaire*, Bernard Saint-Jacques, Gaston J.Saint Laurent, B.Saladin-D'Anglure, Arnaud Sales, Jeff Sallot, Liora Salter, Douglas D.Sameoto, G.M.Sanders, Marie E.Sanderson, Margaret J.Sandison, Joan Sangster, [N.B?] Sanson, Joy L.Santink*, Allen Sapp, A.Margaret Sarjeant, William A.S.Sarjeant, Roger Sarty*, David J.Sauchyn, John S.Saul, Pierre Sauriol, Harry Savage, Pierre Savard, D.B.O.Savile, Joel S.Savishinsky, Ronald Savitt, Rodney J.Sawatsky, Ronald G.Sawatsky, Lorne William Sawula, Deborah C.Sawyer*, John T.Saywell, Christopher M.Scarfe, M.H.Scargill, Otto Schaefer, Barbara Ann Schau, Sidney S.Schipper, Peter Schledermann, Benjamin Schlesinger, Wilhelm Schmidt, Nancy Schmitz*, Norbert Schoenauer*, Barbara Schrodt*, A.Karstad Schueler, George A.Schultz, Joan M.Schwartz*, Elizabeth J.Schweizer, Karl W.Schweizer, Charles Schwier, Stephen Scobie*, David S.Scott, Peter J.Scott, Stephen A.Scott, W.Beverly Scott*, Geoffrey G.E.Scudder, Allen Seager*, D.Bruce Sealey, Gary Sealey(?), Spencer G.Sealey, Louis M.Sebert, Harold N.Segall, Martin Segger, Norman Seguin, Alec H.Sehon, H.John Selwoood, Neil A.Semple*, Yoshio Senda, Elinor Senior, Hereward Senior, Robert Allan Serne, John Sewell, Christopher M.Seymour, Patrick D.Seymour, Aqjangajuk Shaa, Doris Shadbolt, Douglas Shadbolt, Ed Shaffer, Fouad E.Shaker, Elizabeth E.Shannon, Bernard J.Shapiro, Frances M.Shaver, Gordon C.Shaw, Joseph W.Shaw, L.Shaw, Murray C.Shaw*, Steve Shaw, Clifford D.Shearing, Carol Sheehan*, Nancy M.Sheehan*, Harry Sheffer, Edward Ottawa Sheffield, Rose Sheinen, Ben-Z.Shek, Jaroslaw W.Shelest, Roy J.Shephard, R.Ronald Sheppard, Robert Sheppard, Ellen Shifrin, Chang-Tai Shih, Rosemary Shipton, Thomas K.Shoyama, William L.H.Shuter, Nicholas Sidor, Arthur Siegel, David P.Silcox, Lennard Sillanpaa, Elaine Leslau Silver man, C.Ross Silversides, Richard Simeon*, Tom Sinclair-Faulkner*, Antoine Sirois, Rebecca Sisler, O.F.G.Sitwell, Alan Edward Skeoch, Grace Skogstad, Peter Slater, Yar Slavutych, H.Olav Slaymaker, William A.Sloan*, D.Scott Slocombe, Charles E.Slonecker, Peter Gerent Sly, Patricia Smart, Andre Smith, Barry L.Smith, Bill Smith, David B.Smith*, David E.Smith, Denis Smith*, Derek G.Smith, Donald A.Smith, Donald B.Smith*, Douglas A.Smith, Frances K.Smith, James G.E.Smith, James N.M.Smith, Kenneth V.Smith, Maurice V.Smith*, Peter C.Smith*, Peter J.Smith, Shirlee Anne Smith, T.Bradbrooke Smith, William Young Smith(?), Joseph Smucker, D.Laureen Snider, Dean R.Snow, Michael Snow, James D.Snowdon, Thomas P.Socknat, Omond M.Solandt, Margaret A.Somerville, Karl Sommerer, James Herbert Soper, John R.Sorfleet, Mary E.Southcott, Jack G.Souther, David A.E.Spalding, Roman Spalek, Stephen A.Speisman, Andrew N.Spencer, Deirdre Spencer, Don Spencer, John F.T.Spencer, John H.Spencer, Douglas O.Spettigue, Godfrey L.Spragge, D.N.Sprague*, William A.Spray, R.A.Sproule, Irene M.Spry, C.P.Stacey, C.R.Stacey, Robert Stacey*, Shirley Stacey, John K.Stager, Ronald J.Stagg, Elvira Stahl, Denis Stairs, Douglas G.Stairs, Robert M.Stamp*, W.T.Stanbury, David M.Stanley, Della M.M.Stanley*, George F.G.Stanley, Laurie C.C.Stanley, Charles R.Stanton, Gail Starr(?), Michael Staveley, Margaret M.Stayner, Gordon W.Stead, James Steele, Taylor A.Steeves, Baldur R.Stefansson, Con Stefurak, Janet R.Stein, Michael B.Stein, Gilbert A.Stelter, Philip C.Stenning, Philip H.R.Stepney*, Howard A.Steppler*, Theodor D.Sterling, H.H.Stern, Peter Stevens, Charlotte Stevenson, Garth Stevenson*, John T.Stevenson, F.Stewart, J.Douglas Stewart, John B.Stewart*, John R.Stewart*, Kenneth W.Stewart, Lillian D.Stewart*, Michael E.Stiles, John R.Stocking, Jennifer Stoddart, Boris Peter Stoicheff, Kay F.Stone, Donald H.Stonehouse, Anna K.Storgaard, Gerald J.Stortz, George Morley Story*, Jon C.Stott, Grant Strate*, Otto P.Strausz, Elwood W.Stringham, Charles Strong*, Veronica Strong-Boag, J.R.Tim Struthers, James Struthers, Richard Stuart, Ross Stuart, Konrad W.Studnicki-Gizbert, Franc Sturino, Peter Stursberg, Richard Stursberg, Brian E.Sullivan, William F.Summers, Ann G.Sunahara, Shan-Ching Sung, Maxwell Sutherland, Neil Sutherland, Sharon L.Sutherland, Stuart R.J.Sutherland*, Maia-Mari Sutnik, David Takayoshi Suzuki, Donald Swainson, Neil A.Swainson, Robert Sward, Alastair Sweeny, George Swinton, William Elgin Swinton, Frances A.Swyripa, T.Sykes, Philippe Sylvain*, Guy Sylvestre, Rodney Symington, E.Leigh Syms, Emoke J.E.Szathmary, Gerald Tailfeathers, James J.Talman, Adrian Tanner, Louis-Paul Tardif(?), Walter Surma Tarnopolsky, Leslie K.Tarr, Sylvie Taschereau, Jeremy B.Tatum, Thomas E.Tausky, C.J.Taylor*, Charles Taylor, Christopher Edward Taylor, J.Garth Taylor, J.Mary Taylor, Jeff Taylor, John H.Taylor, John Leonard Taylor, M.Brook Taylor*, Philip S.Taylor, Roy Lewis Taylor, Sylvia Taylor, William Clyne Taylor, William E.Taylor, Ghassem Tehrani, Robert G.Telewiak, R.John Templin, Brian D.Tennyson, Lorne Tepperman, Joan Terasmae, Yves Tessier, Pierre Theberge, Sharon Thesen*, George J.Thiessen, Stuart A.Thiesson, Marise Thivierge, Nicole Thivierge, Ann W.Thomas, Clara Thomas, Eileen Mitchell Thomas, Gregory Thomas, Morley K.Thomas*, Paul G.Thomas, Andrew Royden Thompson, Dixon A.R.Thompson, John R.Thompson, Teresa Thompson, William Paul Thompson*, Alex J.Thomson, J.Thomson, Malcolm [H?] Thomson, Malcolm M.Thomson, Reginald George Thomson, Stanley Thomson, Tom Thomson, Hugh G.Thorburn, Frederick J.Thorpe*, Catherine M.V.Thuro, John L.Tiedje, Herman Tiessen, Louis C.Tiffany, Seha M.Tinic, Ewen C.D.Todd, James M.Toguri, George S.Tomkins, Vladislav A.Tomovic, Peter M.Toner, Pierre Tousignant, Harold B.Town*, Joan B.Townsend, Richard G.Townsend, Charlotte Townsend-Gault, Anthony A.Travill*, Claire Tremblay*, Gaetan Tremblay, Jean-Yves Tremblay, Marc-Adelard Tremblay*, Pierre Trepanier, Stanley G.Triggs, Susan Mann Trofimenkoff, Harold Troper, Elizabeth A.Trott*, Barry D.Truax, Pierre Elliott Trudeau, Marc J.Trudel, Marcel Trudel, Mark E.H.Trueman, James A.Tuck*, Albert V.Tucker, Jaap J.Tuinman, Verena J.Tunnicliffe, Archie L.W.Tuomi, Allan Tupper, Gael Turnbull, H.E.Turner, Nancy J.Turner*, William J.Turnock, Katherine Tweedie, Christopher D.Tyler, Edward W.Tyrchniewicz, M.C.Urquhart, Auguste Vachon, G.Oliver Vagt, Gail C.Valaskakis, Frank G.Vallee, Marc Vallieres, Andre Vanasse, Rosamond M.Vendenburgh, Robert O.Van Everdingen, Blanche Lemco Van Ginkel, Walter Van Nus, Francoise Van Roey-Roux, Charles E.Van Wagner, Alice Van Wart, Christine Van Zwamen, Christopher Varley*, Frederick Horsman Varley, Joan M.Vastokas, Frederick Vaughan, Edmund W.Vaz, Bill Vazan, Richard Veatch, Michele M.Veeman, Terrence S.Veeman, Arjen Verkaik, Andre Vermeirre, F.A.Verner, Pierre Veronneau*, Claude Vezina, Raymond Vezina, Roger Vick*, Bernard L.Vigod*, Aubrey R.Vincent, Thomas B.Vincent, Kati Vita, Vadim D.Vladykov, Douglas Voice, Nive Voisine*, George M.Volkoff, Michael Vollmer, C.Haehling Von Lanzenauer, Roger D.Voyer, Richard Vroom*, Pamela S.Wachna, Stephen M.Waddams, Susan Wagg, Anton Wagner*, W.A.Waiser, P.B.Waite*, Michael John Wakroft, David B.Walden, Deward E.Walker Jr, James W.St.G.Walker, John P.Walker, Susan Walker, Thomas Walkom, Birgitta Linderoth Wallace, Carl M.Wallace*, Hugh N.Wallace, P.R.Wallace, Jean-Pierre Wallot*, J.A.Walper, Susan Walsh, J.Grant Wanzel*, Norman Ward*, Philip R.Ward, W.Peter Ward, Tracy Ware, John Warkentin, John Anson Warner, A.M.C.Waterman, Janice Waters, Elizabeth Waterston*, Mel Watkins, Homer Watson, Lorne Watson, Robert D.Watt, Ron Watts* Douglas Waugh, Earle H.Waugh, Morris Wayman, Christopher Weait, John C.Weaver, James L.Webb, Anna Weber, Roland Weber, D.B.Webster*, Douglas R.Webster, Gloria Cranmer Webster, Helen R.Webster, William G.Wegenast, Peter H.Weinrich, Robert Stanley Weir, Thomas R.Weir, Merrily Weisbord, G.Vernon Wellburn, John Wells, Harry L.Welsh, Carl J.Wenaas, Leo H.Werner, Douglas Wertheimer, D.V.Chip Weseloh, Benjamin West, J.Thomas West*, Roxroy West, Marla L.Weston, Robert Reginald Whale, Linda D.Whalen, C.F.J.Whebell, John O.Wheeler, Reginald Whitaker, Clinton Oliver White, John White, M.Lillian White, Alan Whitehorn, Leon Whiteson, James R.Whiteway, Gordon Francis Whitmore, Donald R.Whyte, Edgar B.Wickberg, Joyce Wieland, Thomas Wien, Clifford Wiens, Ernest J.Wiggins, Darlene Wight, Betty Wilcox, Frank Shorty Wilcox, Norman J.Wilimovsky, Karen Wilkin*, Bruce William Wilkinson, J.A.Wilkinson*, Robert C.Willey, Al Williams, David Ricardo Williams, Glyndwr Williams, Patricia Lynn Williams*, Richard M.Williams, S.Ridgeley Williams, Sydney B.Williams, M.W.Williams, Mary F.Williamson, Moncrieff Williamson, Christopher J.Willis, Norman M.Willis, Rod Willmot, Frank Wills, Bruce G.Wilson, H.E.Wilson, Ian E.Wilson, J.Donald Wilson, J.Tuzo Wilson, Jean Wilson*, Helmut K.Wimmer, Brent Windwick, Robin W.Winks, Gregory Wirick, Ronald G.Wirick, S.F.Wise, William J.Withrow, Henry Wittenberg, Leonhard S.Wolfe, William C.Wonders, Bernard Wood, George Woodcock*, John Woodruff, M.Emerson Woodruff, Robert James Woods, Glenn T.Wright, Harold E.Wright, J.F.C.Wright, J.V.Wright, Janet Wright*, Kenneth O.Wright, Roy A.Wright*, Paul Wyczynski, Jan Wyers, Max Wyman, Graeme Wynn, Leo Yaffe, Maxwell F.Yalden, Dong Yee, Derek York, A.J.Sandy Young, C.Maureen Young, David A.Young, Gayle Young, H.Brig Young, Jane Young, Jeffery Young, John H.Young, Roland S.Young, Walter D.Young, Manuel Zack, Jas Zagan, Suzanne E.Zeller*, Jarold K.Zeman, Joyce Zemans*, Norman W.Zepp, Jacob S.Ziegel, Bruce Ziff, Frank D.Zingrone, Stephen C.Zoltai*, Louise Zuk. includes: i) Governor General's Literary Awards, by [anonymous] (pp.758-761; in 2 parts, bpNichol listed for poetry, 197o, in part (chart) 2, Governor General's Award Winners) ii) Humorous Writing in English, by Stephen Scobie (pp.847-848; prose, with a halfparagraph on Nichol's the martyrology) iii) Literature in English, by W.H.New (pp1o17-1o2o; prose in 4 parts, passing reference to Nichol in part 4, History, itself in 6 parts, Nichol reference in part 6, 1959-80s) iv) Nichol, Barrie Phillip, by Douglas Barbour (p.1259; prose) v) Ondaatje, Michael, by Sharon Thesen (p.1318; prose, passing reference to Nichol/sons of captain poetry) vi) Oral Literature in English, by Barbara Godard (pp.1331-1332; prose, passing reference to Nichol/Four Horsemen) vii) Poetry in English, 1960-1980s, by Douglas Barbour (pp.1433-1434; prose, multiple references to Nichol) viii) Short Fiction in English, by J.R.Tim Struthers (pp.1692-1693; prose in 9 parts, Nichol & Craft Dinner referenced in part 6, Experimental Writing) ix) INDEX, by Eve Gardner & Ron Gardner (pp.1993-2o89; secondary references only includes Four Horsemen but with no way to access Nichol references other than (iv) above)

Image from page 26 of "The Brewster genealogy, 1566-1907; a record of the descendants of William Brewster of the "Mayflower." ruling elder of the Pilgrim church which founded Plymouth colony in 1620;" (1908)
Identifier: brewstergenealog190802jone Title: The Brewster genealogy, 1566-1907; a record of the descendants of William Brewster of the "Mayflower." ruling elder of the Pilgrim church which founded Plymouth colony in 1620; Year: 1908 (1900s) Authors: Jones, Emma C. Brewster, b. 1854 Subjects: Brewster, William, 1566 or 7-1644 Brewster family Allerton family Publisher: New York, The Grafton press Contributing Library: Boston Public Library Digitizing Sponsor: Boston Public Library View Book Page: Book Viewer About This Book: Catalog Entry View All Images: All Images From Book Click here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book. Text Appearing Before Image: cleville, 2 Waiash, Ind.: 1 Charles S.^<» Camp, b. Dec. 20, 1853; d. Feb. 13,1854. 2 William Davenport Camp, b. Dec. 6, 1858; m. atChatham, 111., Aug. 25, 1881, Arvilla Bennett. 1217 iii George, b. Sept. 27, 1836.Third wife:iv Samuel Dwight, b. Aug. 6, 1851; m. at New York City,Apr. 19, 1893, Isabel Erskine, dau. of Eobert Hall andIsabel Beecher (Erskine)* Parks of New York City, b.at Davenport, la., Apr. 1, 1860. He is a merchant inNew York City. Chn., h. there: 1 Sydney Erskine*^ Brewster, b. May 8, 1897. 2 Warren Dwight Brewster, b. April 12, 1901. 696 MAESHALL8 BEEWSTEE (Jasper, Wadsworth^ Oliver^,William*, William^, Love^, William^), married at Nauvoo, 111., De- * Isabel Beechers Erskine, Rebeccas Parker, FreemanT Parker (m. Re-becca Rice), Desires Davis, Mehitables Lathrop, Experience* Gortiam,Jamess Gorham, Desires Rowland, Johni of the Mayflower. Rebecca^ Rice above, Thomase Rice, Hannahs Warren, Rebeckah*Church, Galeb3 Church, Elizabeths Warren, Richardi of the Mayflower. Text Appearing After Image: EIGHTH GENERATION 613 cember 18, 1836, CHLOE K., daughter of Stephen and Clarissa(Wheeler) SMITH of Warren, Ohio, born at Harpersfield, Ohio,November 16, 1812; died at Thayer, Kan., March 26, 1896. Hedied at Thayer, September 25, 1872. Marshall Brewster was graduated from Williams College in 1825,and for many years was professor of Hebrew in that college. Laterhe was professor of Greek in Oberlin (Ohio) College. His healthfailing, he was compelled to resort to farm life, and spent manyyears on a farm near Columbus, Indiana. Mrs. Brewster was edu-cated at Warren Academy, and was a teacher previous to marriage. Children, i-ii horn at Madison, Ohio, iii-vi Columbus, Ind.: i Clarissa Theodosia^, b. Dec. 15, 1837; d. at Columbus, Aug. 6, 1862; m. at C, 1856, Edward Henry Deats, son of James Deats of Columbus, and he d. there. She atd. Oberlin Coll. Ch., h. at Columbus: 1 Edward Henry^ Deats, b. June 6, 1858; d. at Thayer, Eeb. 28, 1905; m. at T., Jan., 1881, Anna Goode. s. p. 1218 ii Jaspe Note About Images Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.

2019 Watsons Bay NSW, Australia, February
Watsons Bay is a harbourside, eastern suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Watsons Bay is located 11 km north-east of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the Municipality of Woollahra. Watsons Bay sits on the end of the South Head peninsula and takes its name from the sheltered bay and anchorage on its western side, in Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour). It provides views across the harbour to the Sydney Harbour Bridge. The Gap is an ocean cliff on the eastern side with views to Manly at North Head and the Pacific Ocean. Vaucluse is the only adjacent suburb, to the south. Aboriginal history[edit] The original inhabitants of the area that is now known as Watsons Bay, were the Cadigal people. The Cadigal referred to the area as Kutti. This indigenous group of people fished and collected shellfish in the waters and bays off South Head. They acquired their resources from Camp Cove and carved rock engravings there, which have since eroded from the cliff faces and rock surfaces that line the coastline. European settlement Watson's Bay was named after Robert Watson (1756–1819), formerly of HMS Sirius, when he had to beach his three vessels at Camp Cove for many years because of their being potentially sold by the Provost Marshal.[3] Watson was appointed harbour pilot and harbourmaster of the port of Sydney in 1811 and the first superintendent of Macquarie Lighthouse in 1816. The first grant of 20 acres (81,000 m2) was made to Edward Laing in 1793 in the Camp Cove Area. Watsons Bay was an isolated fishing village until development began in the 1860s.[5] On the night of 20 August 1857, Dunbar a sailing ship became shipwrecked against the cliffs below The Gap, with 121 lives lost. The Dunbar had mistaken the bay of The Gap for the harbour entrance. In 1910, at Jacob’s Ladder, the anchor from the ship was recovered along with other relics and were placed in a museum behind the old Town Hall in Military Road by Vaucluse Council. The anchor was transferred to the cliffs of Gap Park by Ald. Coombes and a memorial was unveiled in August 1930. Today, The Gap is known as a notorious suicide spot. The City to Watson's Bay tram line was extended from Edgecliff to Signal Hill Station, Watson's Bay in 1903 with further extensions to Gap Park in 1909. The latter extension included a new tram terminus adjacent to The Gap and a tram cutting cut into the rock face in Gap Park that ran above and parallel to Gap Road that gradually descended to street level before terminating. The line from the city commenced with a loop at the corner of Erskine and Day Streets near Wynyard station. It then proceeded south down Day Street before turning left into King Street passing through Queen's Square at St James station. It then made a right hand turn into College Street, and headed south before turning left into Boomerang Street. The line then continued left into William Street, through King's Cross and then along Bayswater Road and into New South Head Road at Rushcutters Bay. The line then followed the course of New and Old South Head Roads before turning right into Gap Park. After turning right into Gap Park a single track passed through narrow rock cuttings, low cliffs and rugged back-drops, turning its way down to the terminus at Watsons Bay. The line had its own depot and city terminus and operated independently, although it was connected to the main Sydney tram network. In 1949, the line from Rose Bay to Watson's Bay closed, but reopened in 1950 due to public protest. In 1950, the line down King Street to Erskine Street closed and a new terminus constructed at Queens Square. The remainder of the line closed in 1960, the tracks were removed and in 1964 the Council re-vegetated the area around the former tramway cutting in gap park with the object of restoring the area. When walking up the steps to The Gap at Watsons Bay, there is flat ground in between two sets of steps. This continues for a fair way in both directions, and is the old tram right of way. The present-day State Transit route 324 follows the route of the former tram line as far as the point where the tramway turned off Old South Head Road into Gap Park. The bus and tram routes meet again near the terminus in Military Road.

Monochrome, Cafe Culture, Retail Park, INTU Metrocentre, Dunston, Gateshead, Tyne & Wear, England.
Metrocentre is a shopping centre and entertainment complex in the Dunston area of Gateshead. It is located on the former site of Dunston Power Station, near to the River Tyne. Metrocentre opened in stages, with the first phase opening on 28 April 1986, and the official opening being held on 14 October that year. It has more than 270 shops occupying over 2,000,000 sq ft (190,000 m2) of retail floor space, making it the second-largest shopping centre in the UK, behind Westfield London. Additional retail space can be found in the adjoining Metro Retail Park and MetrOasis. Metrocentre's construction was financed by the Church Commissioners of England, and was masterminded by Sir John Hall's company, Cameron Hall Developments. The ground upon which it is built was purchased for £100,000 in the early 1970s. Access to the development was facilitated by an urban development grant from the Department of the Environment, and the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead. The first phase of the development, the Red Mall, was opened in April 1986. At the time, it featured a large Carrefour supermarket, which later became a Gateway, and subsequently Asda. Metrocentre also featured the first out of town branch of Marks & Spencer. In August 1987 the MetroCentre railway station, which is connected to the centre via a covered footbridge, was opened by British Rail.[3] In October 1995, the centre was sold to Capital Shopping Centres (now intu Properties) for £364 million, although the Church Commissioners retained a 10% stake. Reflecting its Church of England origins, Metrocentre is one of the few European shopping centres to have a full-time resident chaplain. Services are held on special occasions such as Mothering Sunday, Remembrance Sunday, and at Christmas. The Metrocentre has five main malls, these being: Red, Green, Blue, Yellow and Platinum. In 1997, Asda moved from Metrocentre to a larger stand-alone store nearby, facilitating the redevelopment of the Red Mall. The centre was rebranded as intu Metrocentre in 2013, following the renaming of its parent Capital Shopping Centres Group as intu Properties.[4] On 26 October 2020, it was announced that Sovereign Centros was to oversee asset management of the centre on behalf of owners Metrocentre Partnership, following the collapse of intu.[5] While physical Intu branding would remain temporarily, the centre would be ultimately known as The Metrocentre, with Savills as on-site property managers. Ownership of the Metrocentre remains with one of Intu's former companies, Intu Metrocentre Finance plc,[6] along with Church Commissioners and GIC Real Estate. Refurbishment Malls and Transport Interchange The Red Mall extension When Asda moved out of the main centre, the former store was demolished to make way for an extension and refurbishment of the Red Mall. The redeveloped Red Mall, anchored by a Debenhams department store, opened in October 2004. The programme also included the construction of a new Transport Interchange, sited at the edge of the Blue Mall, replacing the former bus station. Metrocentre Qube In November 2006, centre owner Capital Shopping Centres announced plans to redevelop the centre's Yellow Mall.[7] The Metroland indoor funfair closed in April 2008, and the area, along with the neighbouring Clockworks Food Court, has since been refurbished to become Metrocentre Qube. Qube is home to a number of restaurants, including Bella Italia, Nando's, Pizza Express, YO! Sushi and Zizzi. As well as this, Qube also houses an Odeon cinema (which relocated from the Blue Mall in December 2009). It includes twelve screens, including multiple 3D screens, and an IMAX Digital – the first in the north-east of England. The Namco Funscape is located on the lower floor, and is a family entertainment centre including a ten-pin bowling alley, dodgems and soft play. The Qube's exterior is clad with zinc and glass, to distinguish it as the entertainment part of the centre.[8] Platinum Mall Interior of Red Mall extension in 2007 The former central area of the mall, which was known as the Central Mall, has been refurbished and renamed the Platinum Mall. This area focuses on higher-end stores and furnishings, including improved lighting and decor. The development hopes to copy designer outlets similar to 'The Village' mall at Westfield London. In August 2012, the first of the new retailers, 360 Champagne & Cocktails (now closed), opened its doors. It soon was followed by retailers Mamas & Papas and H&M Kids. Tessuti opened in December 2012, followed by designer footwear retailer, Daniel. Retailers Many large retail chains are represented in the centre. It is anchored by three large department stores: Marks & Spencer (Green Mall) Next (Green Mall) Next Beauty & Home (Red Mall) House of Fraser (Town Square) Primark (Exhibition Square) TK Maxx (Blue Mall) Major fashion retailers include: All Saints, H&M, New Look, Next, Primark, River Island, Topshop, Topman and Zara. Other major retailers include: Boots, Hotel Chocolat, HMV, Poundland, WH Smith, Ann Summers, Lush and Waterstones. In Autumn 2010, the first TK Maxx Homesense store opened on the site of the old Odeon cinema in the Blue Mall. In March 2018, a 78,000 sq ft Next store opened, taking twelve shops on the upper floor, and the former BHS unit on the lower level, to create one of the largest Next stores in the country.[9][10] Leisure facilities The New Metroland, previously Europe's largest indoor amusement park The centre's leisure facilities consist of a 12 screen Odeon cinema, which opened in 2010. It features a VIP lounge, as well as an IMAX screen. Located below is the Namco Funscape, an indoor amusement arcade featuring a dodgem ride, and 18-lane ten-pin bowling alley. Both are located in the Yellow Mall, on the site of the former Metroland theme park. Metroland Until its closure in April 2008, Metrocentre featured an entirely enclosed theme park called Metroland. Renamed The New Metroland following a refurbishment by operators Arlington Leisure in 1996, it was Europe's largest indoor amusement park. Metroland opened in February 1988 at the cost of £20 million. The park featured a roller coaster, Ferris wheel, pirate ship, waltzers, a miniature railway and dodgem cars among its rides. Its closure made way for redevelopment of the Yellow Mall, including a new Odeon cinema, as well as the Namco Funscape arcade, and a number restaurants. On the final weekend of operation (19–20 April 2008), the park held the 'Last Ride Weekend', where the admission price was £5 for the whole day, with unlimited access to all the rides.[7] The park finally closed at 8:00 pm on 20 April 2008, despite strong local opposition, and petitions raising around 4,000 signatures against the closure. Proceeds from the last night of operation went to charity. The Metroland roller coaster was later relocated to The Big Sheep, a farm-themed amusement park in Abbotsham, northern Devon. The ride entered operation in March 2016. The park offered a free ride to visitors from the north-east of England for a period after the ride's opening.[11][12] Metro Retail Park Metro Retail Park is situated to the west of Metrocentre. It has the layout of a conventional out-of-town retail park, with large stores such as Barker and Stonehouse, Oak Furniture Land and Furniture Village. McDonald's and Pizza Hut are both situated to the south of the retail park site (in addition to other sites within Metrocentre). Until August 2007, when it was purchased for £82.5 million, the retail park was not under the ownership of Capital Shopping Centres (now intu).[13] Further west of the retail park, there is a 24-hour Asda supermarket, Aldi supermarket, Greggs bakery, an IKEA, The Range and Sports Direct (the former site of Danish furniture store, ILVA). To the south is the Marriott Hotel. metrOasis The metrOasis retail area, on the perimeter of the shopping centre, opened to the public in September 2012. It is located between Qube and the Metro Retail Park, on the former site of a petrol station. The development is home to a range of dining and entertainment venues, with construction beginning in January 2012. The retail area includes drive-thru Krispy Kreme Doughnuts and Starbucks, as well as a Toby Carvery. A shopping center (American English) or shopping centre (Commonwealth English) is a group of shops built together, sometimes under one roof.[2] The first known collections of retailers under one roof are public markets, dating back to ancient times, and Middle Eastern covered markets, bazaars and souqs. In Paris, about 150 covered passages were built between the late 18th century and 1850, and a wealth of shopping arcades were built across Europe in the 19th century. In the United States, the widespread use of the automobile in the 1920s led to the first shopping centers of a few dozen shops that included parking for cars. Starting in 1946, larger, open air centers anchored by department stores were built (sometimes as a collection of adjacent retail properties with different owners), then enclosed shopping malls starting with Victor Gruen's Southdale Center near Minneapolis in 1956. A shopping mall is a type of shopping center, a North American term originally meaning a pedestrian promenade with shops along it, but in the late 1960s began to be used as a generic term for large shopping centers anchored by department stores, especially enclosed centers.[3][4][page needed] Malls are currently in severe decline ("dead malls") or have closed. Successful exceptions have added entertainment and experiential features,[5] added big-box stores as anchored, or are specialized formats: power centers, lifestyle centers, factory outlet centers, and festival marketplaces.[6] Smaller types of shopping centers in North America include neighborhood shopping centers, and even smaller, strip malls. Pedestrian malls (shopping streets) in the United States have been less common and less successful than in Europe.[3][4][page needed] In Canada, underground passages in Montreal and Toronto link large adjacent downtown retail spaces. In the United Kingdom and Europe, distinction is made between shopping centers (shops under one roof), shopping precincts (pedestrianized zones of a town or city where many retail stores are located),[7] the "high street" (street – pedestrianized or not – with a high concentration of retail shops),[8] and retail parks (usually out of the city center, 5000 sq.m. or larger and anchored by big-box stores or supermarkets, rather than department stores). Types According to author Richard Longstreth, before the 1920s–1930s, the term "shopping center" in the U.S. was loosely applied to any group of adjacent retail businesses. A city's downtown might be called a "shopping center". By the 1940s, the term "shopping center" implied — if not always a single owner — at least, a place sharing comprehensive design planning, including layout, signs, exterior lighting, and parking; and shared business planning that covered the target market, types of stores and store mix.[10] The International Council of Shopping Centers classifies Asia-Pacific, European, U.S., and Canadian shopping centers into the following types:[6][11][12][13] Abbreviations: SC=shopping center/centre, GLA = Gross Leasable Area, NLA = Net Leasable Area, AP=Asia-Pacific, EU=Europe, Can=Canada, US=United States of America *does not apply to Europe TypeUSA: GLA in ft2USA: GLA in m2Europe: GLA in m2Canada: GLA in ft2Asia-Pacific: NLA in ft2# anchors*Typical anchors Large general-purpose centers (US/AP) / traditional shopping centres (EU/Can) Mega-mall (AP)n/an/an/an/a1,500,000+3+Department stores, supermarkets, hypermarkets, multicinemas, major entertainment/leisure Super-regional mall/center EU: Very large SC800,000+74,322+80,000+800,000+800,000–1,499,9993+Regular/discount department stores, in Europe and Asia also supermarkets, hypermarkets, cinemas, major entertainment/leisure Regional mall/center EU: Large SC400,000–800,00037,161–74,32240,000–79,999300,000–799,999500,000-799,9992+ Small & medium general-purpose centers (US/AP) / traditional shopping centres (EU/Can) Sub-regional SC (AP) Europe: Medium SCn/an/a20,000–39,999n/a200,000–500,0000–3Supermarket, hypermarket, small/discount department stores Small comparison-based SC (EU)n/an/a5,000–19,999n/an/an/aApparel, home furnishing, electronics, gifts, etc. Small convenience-based SC (EU)n/an/a5,000–19,999n/an/an/aSupermarket, hypermarket, pharmacy, convenience store, household goods, etc. Community shopping center125,000–400,00011,613–37,161n/a100,000–400,000n/a2+Discount store, supermarket, drugstore, category killer. a.k.a. large neighborhood shopping center in US, Can Neighborhood shopping center30,000–125,0002,787–11,613n/a40,000-99,00020,000–200,0001+ (US/Can) 0–2 (AP)Supermarket, in Asia also hypermarket Convenience center US/Can also "Strip mall"<30,000<2,787n/a10,000–39,000n/a0–1Convenience store anchor or anchorless Specialized shopping centers Power center EU: a.k.a. "Retail park"250,000–600,00023,226–55,741S:5,000+ M:10,000+ L:20,000+100,000–1,000,000>50,0003+ (US/Can) n/a (AP)Category killers, warehouse clubs, large discount stores. In Asia 90% of NLA must be these. Lifestyle center (US)150,000–500,00013,935–46,452n/an/an/a0–2Large-format upscale specialty stores Outlet mall/center50,000–400,0004,645–37,1615,00050,000–400,000"no max. size"n/aManufacturers' and retail outlet stores Theme/Festival (US) (Festival marketplace)80,000–250,0007,432–23,226n/an/an/an/aRestaurants, specialty stores catering to visitors, entertainment Leisure/entertainment centre (AP) Leisure-based SC (EU)n/an/a5,000n/a<500,000N/AEntertainment and/or F&B (food and beverage) (in Asia, 50%+ of tenants are these), plus specialty stores catering to visitors, fast fashion, electronics, sports. Europe: usually anchored by a multiplex cinema and also may include bowling, fitness. Excludes centers at transport hubs. Specialty SC (AP)n/an/an/an/a<500,0000Specialty shops with general product mix (apparel, F&B, electronics, etc.) Single category SC (AP) Non-leisure-based themed SC (EU)n/an/a5,000+n/an/an/aDedicated to single product type other than F&B, groceries or fashion, e.g. information technology, homewares/furniture. In Asia, 80% of NLA should be dedicated to the theme. Major transportation hub SC (AP)n/an/an/an/a>50,000n/aRetail at public transportation hubs including airside airport retail Limited-purpose property Airport retail75,000–300,0006,968–27,871n/an/a0Speciality retail and restaurants Shopping centre hybrids (Canada only) Hybrid SC (Can)n/an/a250,000+n/avariesHas characteristics of two or more shopping center types e.g. power center + regional mall General-purpose shopping centers Superregional mall Bailian Xijiao Shopping Mall in Shanghai, at 109,000 square metres (1,170,000 sq ft)[14] a super-regional shopping center or mall[12] Main article: Shopping mall A superregional mall is, per the International Council of Shopping Centers, in the US a shopping mall with over 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m2) of gross leasable area, three or more anchors, mass merchant, more variety, fashion apparel, and serves as the dominant shopping venue for the region (25 miles or 40 km) in which it is located.[15] Note that ICSC defines malls above 800,000 square feet (74,000 m2) net leasable area in Asia-Pacific as mega-malls.[12] Regional mall Main article: Shopping mall A regional mall is, per the International Council of Shopping Centers, in the United States, a shopping mall which is designed to service a larger area than a conventional shopping mall. As such, it is typically larger with 400,000 sq ft (37,000 m2) to 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m2) gross leasable area with at least two anchor stores and offers a wider selection of stores. Given their wider service area, these malls tend to have higher-end stores that need a larger area in order for their services to be profitable but may have discount department stores. Regional malls are also found as tourist attractions in vacation areas.[15] Community shopping center A community shopping center in Klaukkala, Uusimaa, Finland Community shopping centers (also known as large neighborhood centers offer a wider range of goods. They usually feature two anchor stores which are larger than that of a smaller neighborhood centers, e.g. a discount department store. They may also follow a strip configuration, or may be L- or U-shaped. Community centers usually feature a retail area of 100,000 to 350,000 square feet (9,300 to 32,500 m2) and serve a primary area of 3 to 6 miles (4.8 to 9.7 km).[6] In the U.K. and Europe these would be considered retail parks.[9] Neighborhood center A neighborhood shopping center catering to Vietnamese Americans in Little Saigon, Philadelphia Main article: Neighborhood shopping center Neighborhood centers are small-scale shopping centers serving the local neighborhood. They typically have a supermarket and/or large drugstore as an anchor. Neighborhood centers usually have a retail area of 30,000 to 150,000 square feet (2,800 to 13,900 m2), and serve a primary area in a 3-mile (4.8 km) radius.[6] In the U.K. and Europe such a center, if larger than 5,000 square metres (54,000 sq ft) would usually be termed a small retail park.[9] Strip mall (convenience center) A strip mall in Cornelius, Oregon Main article: Strip mall Strip malls (which despite the name, are not considered "malls" even in North America) are sometimes known as strip centers or convenience centers. They are less than 30,000 square feet (2,800 m2) of gross leasable space.[6] Specialized shopping centers Power centers and Retail Parks Main articles: Power center (retail) and Retail park Power centers, in North America, are open-air or, in central cities, enclosed, vertical shopping centers that almost exclusively feature several big-box retailers as their anchors. They usually have a retail area of 250,000 to 600,000 square feet (23,000 to 56,000 m2) and a primary trade area of 5 to 10 miles (8.0 to 16.1 km).[6] A retail park, in the United Kingdom and Europe, is a type of shopping centre found on the fringes of most large towns and cities in the United Kingdom, and some (but not all) other European countries. In Europe, any shopping center with mostly "retail warehouse units" (UK terminology; in the US the term is "big-box stores"/superstores), 5000 sqm or larger is a retail park, according to the leading real estate company Cushman & Wakefield.[9] This would be considered in North America either a power center or a neighborhood shopping center, depending on the size. Lifestyle center Main article: Lifestyle center Lifestyle center located in Woodbury, Minnesota A lifestyle center (American English), or lifestyle centre (Commonwealth English), is a shopping center or mixed-used commercial development that combines the traditional retail functions of a shopping mall with leisure amenities oriented towards upscale consumers.[16] Theme/festival center Main article: Festival marketplace Terminal 21, a 40,000-square-metre (430,000 sq ft)[17] shopping center in Bangkok. Each floor has a theme of a different major world city. Theme or festival centers have distinct unifying themes that are followed by their individual shops as well as their architecture. They are usually located in urban areas and cater to tourists. They typically feature a retail area of 80,000 to 250,000 square feet (7,400 to 23,200 m2).[6] Outlet center Main article: Outlet store An outlet center (or outlet mall in North America) is a type of shopping center in which manufacturers sell their products directly to the public through their own stores. Other stores in outlet centers are operated by retailers selling returned goods and discontinued products, often at heavily reduced prices. Outlet stores were found as early as 1936, but the first multi-store outlet center, Vanity Fair, located in Reading, Pennsylvania, did not open until 1974. Belz Enterprises opened the first enclosed factory outlet center in 1979, in Lakeland, Tennessee, a suburb of Memphis.[18] Shopping precinct / Pedestrian mall See also: Pedestrian zone and Pedestrian malls in the United States A pedestrian area in Kontula, Helsinki, Finland A shopping precinct (U.K. term) or pedestrian mall (U.S. term) is an area of city center streets which have been pedestrianized, where there is a concentration of "high street shops" such as department stores, clothing and home furnishings stores, and so forth.[7] They may be part of a larger city-center pedestrian zone, as is Strøget in Copenhagen, Denmark. In the U.S. chiefly in the 1960s, some cities converted a main shopping street (usually several blocks of one street only) to pedestrian zones known at the time as shopping malls (i.e. the original meaning of "mall": a "promenade"), but now referred to as pedestrian malls. Shopping arcade Cleveland Arcade in Cleveland, Ohio The Stadsfeestzaal(nl), an exhibition palace-turned-shopping center in Antwerp, Belgium A shopping arcade is a type of shopping precinct that developed earlier and in which the connecting walkways are not owned by a single proprietor and may be in the open air or covered by a ground-floor loggia. Many early shopping arcades such as the Burlington Arcade in London, the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan, and numerous arcades in Paris are famous and still trading. However, many smaller arcades have been demolished, replaced with large centers or malls, often accessible primarily by vehicle. History One of the earliest examples of public shopping areas comes from ancient Rome, in forums where shopping markets were located. One of the earliest public shopping centers is Trajan's Market in Rome located in Trajan's Forum. Trajan's Market was probably built around 100–110 AD by Apollodorus of Damascus, and it is thought to be the world's oldest shopping center.[19] The Grand Bazaar of Istanbul was built in the 15th century and is still one of the largest covered shopping centers in the world, with more than 58 streets and 4,000 shops. Numerous other covered shopping arcades, such as the 19th-century Al-Hamidiyah Souq in Damascus, Syria, might also be considered as precursors to the present-day large shopping centers.[20] Isfahan's Grand Bazaar, which is largely covered, dates from the 10th century. The 10-kilometer-long, covered Tehran's Grand Bazaar also has a lengthy history. The oldest continuously occupied shopping mall in the world is likely to be the Chester Rows. Dating back at least to the 13th century, these covered walkways housed shops, with storage and accommodation for traders on various levels. Different rows specialized in different goods, such as 'Bakers Row' or 'Fleshmongers Row'.[21] Gostiny Dvor in St. Petersburg, which opened in 1785, may be regarded as one of the first purposely-built mall-type shopping complexes, as it consisted of more than 100 shops covering an area of over 53,000 m2 (570,000 sq ft). The Marché des Enfants Rouges in Paris opened in 1628 and still runs today. The Oxford Covered Market in Oxford, England opened in 1774 and still runs today. The Passage du Caire was opened in Paris in 1798.[22] The Burlington Arcade in London was opened in 1819. The Arcade in Providence, Rhode Island introduced the retail arcade concept to the United States in 1828 and is arguably the oldest "shopping center" in the country.[23] The Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan, Italy followed in the 1870s and is closer to large modern malls in spaciousness. Other large cities created arcades and shopping centers in the late 19th century and early 20th century, including the Cleveland Arcade, and Moscow's GUM, which opened in 1890. When the Cleveland Arcade opened in 1890, it was among the first indoor shopping arcades in the US, and like its European counterparts, was an architectural triumph. Two sides of the arcade had 1,600 panes of glass set in iron framing and is a prime example of Victorian architecture. Sydney's Queen Victoria Markets Building, opened in 1898, was also an ambitious architectural project. Modern shopping center milestones YearNameLocationMilestone 1798Passage du CaireParisFirst Paris shopping arcade 1828Westminster Arcade[24]Providence, RI, USFirst shopping arcade in the U.S. 1907Roland Park Shopping CenterBaltimore, MD, USFirst suburban shopping center of any size (six shops) 1913[25]NugentsSt, Louis, MO, USFirst downtown department store to open a suburban branch 1916Market Square (Lake Forest, Illinois)Lake Forest, IL, near Chicago, USFirst neighborhood shopping center* 1923Country Club PlazaKansas City, MO, USFirst regional shopping center* 1928Bank BlockGrandview Heights, OH, near Cleveland, USFirst shopping center with more than 1 major chain supermarket 1930**Suburban SquareArdmore, PA, near Philadelphia, USFirst shopping center with a department store 1947Broadway-Crenshaw CenterLos Angeles, CA, USFirst regional shopping center* with department store(s) 1956Southdale CenterEdina, MN near Minneapolis, USFirst enclosed shopping center/mall other than arcades 1986West Edmonton MallEdmonton, CanadaLargest mall in the world 1986–2004 1992Mall of AmericaBloomington, MN near Minneapolis, USLargest mall in the U.S. since 1992 2005South China MallDongguan, ChinaLargest mall in the world since 2005 Notes: *based on current ICSC shopping center type definitions, **center opened in 1926 without department store, which was added in 1930 United States Early 20th century centers in the U.S. Shops at Country Club Plaza, opened 1923, one of the first planned shopping centers Early examples of "stores under one roof" include the nine-building shopping arcade Dayton Arcade in Dayton, Ohio (1902–1904), primarily built to rehouse the public food markets in more sanitary conditions, but which added retail clothing and household goods stores.[26] The Lake View Store, opened July 1916, was a collection of stores under one roof aimed at the workers in the company town of Morgan Park, in Duluth, Minnesota. Before the 1920s–1930s, the term "shopping center" in the U.S. was loosely applies to a collection of retail businesses. A city's Downtown might be called a "shopping center". By the 1940s, "shopping center" implied — if not always a single owner — at least, comprehensive planning in the design and business plan, a place built according to an overall program that covered the target market, types of stores and store mix, signs, exterior lighting, and parking.[27] In the mid-20th century, with the rise of the suburb and automobile culture in the United States, a new style of shopping center was created away from downtown.[28] Early shopping centers designed for the automobile include Market Square, Lake Forest, Illinois (1916), and Country Club Plaza, Kansas City, Missouri , 55 acres (220,000 m2), opened 1923.[29] The Bank Block in Grandview Heights, Ohio (1928) was an early strip mall or neighborhood center of 30 shops built along Grandview Avenue, with parking in the back for 400 cars. Uniquely for the time, it had multiple national grocery store tenants Kroger, Piggly Wiggly, and the A&P Tea Company.[30] The Park and Shop (1930) in Cleveland Park, Washington, D.C. was an early strip mall or neighborhood center with parking in the front. It was anchored by Piggly Wiggly and built in an L shape.[31] Other notable, large early centers with strips of independent stores, adjacent parking lots, but no department store anchors, include Highland Park Village (1931) in Dallas; and River Oaks Shopping Center (1937) in Houston. Downtown pedestrian malls and use of term "mall" Lincoln Road Mall in Miami Beach, opened 1965, lined with shops, outdoor restaurant seating, fountains and sculptures In the late 1950s and into the 1960s, the term "shopping mall" was first used, but in the original sense of the word "mall", that is, a pedestrian promenade (in U.K. usage a "shopping precinct"). Early downtown pedestrianized malls included the Kalamazoo Mall (the first, in 1959), "Shoppers' See-Way" in Toledo, Lincoln Road Mall in Miami Beach, Santa Monica Mall (1965), and malls in Fort Worth and in Canada's capital, Ottawa.[32][33][34] The downtown Urbana, Illinois mall, converted from a city street, was enclosed, designed by Victor Gruen.[35] Mall as synonym for some types of shopping centers Although Bergen Mall (opened 1957) led other suburban shopping centers in using "mall" in their names, these types of properties were still referred to as "shopping centers" until the late 1960s, when the term "shopping mall" started to be used generically for large suburban shopping centers.[3][page needed] The term "mall" for regional enclosed shopping centers is not used in the U.K.[36] or Australia,[37] The term "mall" is, however, used for those types of centers in some markets beyond North America such as India [38] and the United Arab Emirates.[39] In other developing countries such as Namibia and Zambia, "Mall" is found in the names of many small centers that qualify as neighborhood shopping centers or strip malls according to the ICSC.[40] Open-air centers in the U.S. The suburban shopping center concept evolved further with larger open-air shopping centers anchored by major department stores. The first was a center in Ardmore, Pennsylvania later named Suburban Square, when the Philadelphia department store Strawbridge & Clothier opened a four-story, 50,000 sq ft (4,600 m2)[41] branch there on May 12, 1930.[42][43] A much larger example would be the 550,000-square-foot (51,000 m2) Broadway-Crenshaw Center in Los Angeles built in 1947, anchored by a five-story Broadway and a May Company California.[44] Two of the largest shopping centers at the time were both in the San Fernando Valley, a suburban area of Los Angeles. They each consisted of one core open-air center and surrounding retail properties with various other owners, which would later hasten their decline as there wasn't a single owner, but rather a merchants' association, which was unable to react quickly to competition in later decades.[45] Valley Plaza opened August 12, 1951. In the mid-1950s, it claimed to be the largest shopping center on the West Coast of the United States and the third-largest in the country.[46] The first part of the Panorama City Shopping Center opened as on October 10, 1955,[47] and would grow until the mid-1960s, it claimed to be the first shopping center with four major department store anchors,[48] even though the "center" was in fact a marketing association for multiple adjacent properties. Northland Center near Detroit, built 1954, was the first of 4 centers that Victor Gruen built for Hudson's (Eastland Center, Southland Center, and Westland Center were the others) At launch, Northland Center was the world's largest shopping center.[49] Enclosed "malls" in the U.S. The enclosed shopping mall did not appear until the mid-1950s. One of the earliest examples was the Valley Fair Shopping Center in Appleton, Wisconsin,[50] which opened in March 1955. Valley Fair featured a number of modern features including central heating and cooling, a large outdoor parking area, semi-detached anchor stores, and restaurants. Later that year the world's first fully enclosed shopping mall was opened in Luleå, in northern Sweden (architect: Ralph Erskine) and was named Shopping; the region now claims the highest shopping center density in Europe.[51] The idea of a regionally-sized, fully enclosed shopping complex was pioneered in 1956 by the Austrian-born architect and American immigrant Victor Gruen.[52] This new generation of regional-size shopping centers began with the Gruen-designed Southdale Center, which opened in the Twin Cities suburb of Edina, Minnesota, United States in October 1956. For pioneering the soon-to-be enormously popular mall concept in this form, Gruen has been called the "most influential architect of the twentieth century" by Malcolm Gladwell.[53] The first retail complex to be promoted as a "mall" was Paramus, New Jersey's Bergen Mall. The center, which opened with an open-air format in 1957, was enclosed in 1973. Aside from Southdale Center, significant early enclosed shopping malls were Harundale Mall (1958) in Glen Burnie, Maryland,[54] Big Town Mall (1959) in Mesquite, Texas, Chris-Town Mall (1961) in Phoenix, Arizona, and Randhurst Center (1962) in Mount Prospect, Illinois. Other early malls moved retailing away from the dense, commercial downtowns into the largely residential suburbs. This formula (enclosed space with stores attached, away from downtown, and accessible only by automobile) became a popular way to build retail across the world. Gruen himself came to abhor this effect of his new design; he decried the creation of enormous "land wasting seas of parking" and the spread of suburban sprawl.[55][56] Decline of the mall See also: Shopping mall § The decline of the shopping mall, Dead mall, and Retail apocalypse Since the 1990s, the shopping mall has been in decline because of competition from discount stores and other shopping center formats, from e-commerce and most recently from closures and economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. History of shopping centers outside the U.S. Canada Don Mills Convenience Centre (now Shops at Don Mills) opened in 1955, in Toronto, Ontario. The first fully enclosed shopping mall in Canada was Wellington Square. It was designed for Eaton's by John Graham, Jr. as an enclosed mall with a department store anchor and subterranean parking which opened in downtown London, Ontario, on August 11, 1960. After several renovations, it remains open today as Citi Plaza.[57] In the 1970s in Canada, the Ontario government created the Ontario Downtown Renewal Programme, which helped finance the building of several downtown malls across Ontario such as Eaton Centre. The program was created to reverse the tide of small business leaving downtowns for larger sites surrounding the city. In the first quarter of 2012 shopping mall private investment hit an all-time low under 0.1 percent.[58] United Kingdom In the UK, Chrisp Street Market was the first pedestrian shopping area built with a road at the shop fronts. The first mall-type shopping precinct in Great Britain was built in the downtown area of Birmingham. Known as Bull Ring Centre (now Bull Ring, Birmingham), it was officially dedicated in May 1964. A notable example is the Halton Lea Shopping Centre (originally known as Shopping City) in Runcorn, which opened in 1972 and was conceived as the center point for the new town's development. Another early example is the Brent Cross Centre, Britain's first out-of-town shopping mall and located on the northern outskirts of London, which was opened in March 1976. Australia Chermside Drive-In Shopping Centre started trading to the public in 1957, in Brisbane, Australia.

Climbing away from Sydney
A four-car V set train is dwarfed within the beautiful gorge as it runs alongside Glenbrook Creek. The train is currently making the climb into the Blue Mountains and away from Sydney's suburbs which can be seen in the distance. Glenbrook Gorge, NSW. Saturday 3 December 2016.

Erskine Park Data Centre from outside
A visit to a data centre in Western Sydney. It looks like a bunker from outside.

Community Hall, Erskine Park, Sydney, NSW.
57 Peppertree Drive, Erskine Park, NSW.

Opening the Erskine Park data centre
NSW Premier formally opening the Digital Realty Erskine Park data centre on January 23, 2013.

Opening the Erskine Park data centre
NSW Premier Barry O'Farrell posing at the formal opening of Digital Realty's Sydney data centre with the company's Asia-Pacific chief Kris Kumar and local business leaders.

NSW Premier opening the Erskine Park data centre
NSW Premier Barry O'Farrell announcing the formal opening of Digital Realty's Sydney data centre.

No Photos – A tour of a Western Sydney data centre
A tour of a data centre in Erskine Park on the Western outskirts of Sydney. The security guards don't like photos.

NSW Premier opening the Erskine Park data centre on the outskirts of Sydney, Australia
NSW Premier opening Digital Realty Erskine Park data centre

Non shall pass – tight security within the data centre
A tour of a data centre in Erskine Park on the Western outskirts of Sydney. Tight security on the doors

Planting a tree at the opening of the Erskine Park data centre
NSW Premier Barry O'Farrell plants a tree at the formal opening of Digital Realty's Sydney data centre with the company's Asia-Pacific chief Kris Kumar.

Rural Fire Brigade, Erskine Park, Sydney, NSW.
367 Luddenham Road, Erskine Park, NSW.

Reflective rooftop on a data centre
A tour of a data centre in Erskine Park on the Western outskirts of Sydney. The rooftop is painted white to reflect heat. Sunglasses are essential on a sunny day.

Rooftop of the data centre
A tour of a data centre in Erskine Park on the Western outskirts of Sydney. The rooftop is painted white to reflect heat. Sunglasses are essential on a sunny day.

Power Towers
Electricity towers and lines leading out of a substation in western Sydney, Australia on an overcast day.

'Astral' (1908 - 1924) at Miles' shipyard Forster
ASTRAL (1908 – 1924) [often mistakenly called Austral] ON 125167 This low resolution image shows a postcard featuring the recently launched hull of the Astral parked just south of the Miles Bros. shipyard at Forster, NSW in 1908. The image has been superimposed with an image of the postcard with the stamp and postmark, The SS Astral (sometimes referred to as Austral) was a twin screw steamer built by Henry Miles at the shipyard of Miles Bros. at Forster. Miles Bros. was a partnership between Henry Miles and his two brothers, Josiah and Thomas Miles. She was launched by Henry Miles’ daughter, Annie Rose (age 5 years) at 9am on 18th April 1908. The measurements were: Length 116.5 ft Breadth 25.6 ft, Draft 6.5 ft. Tonnage: 157 tons gross and 79 tons net More images of the Astral can be found in the Album ASTRAL History has recorded an important image of the Astral on a postcard sent from Forster on 22nd July 1908 to Mrs Hall in West Maitland. The postcard is part of an extensive collection held by the Powerhouse Museum in Sydney. Details of the card are shown in Powerhouse Museum, Sydney The front of the card shows the waterfront at Forster with the Miles Bros. sawmill in the background. The writing on the back of the card reads “You will remember this view from our verandah. Marked x is the new boat which was built & launched a little while ago”. The discovery of this postcard positively identified the recently launched vessel outside Miles’ shipyard as the hull of the TSS Astral In Mid May 1908 the hull was towed to Sydney by the Tuncurry I in and the machinery fitted. The engines were made by Messrs. Aitchison, Blair, and Co., Ltd., of Clydebank Works, Glasgow, and installed by Messrs. Begg and Greig, of Erskine-street. They consisted of two sets of compound surface condensing engines, with cylinders 9in and 18in in diameter, and a stroke of 12in. In August 1908 she was ready for trials and recorded an impressive 9½ knots. Over the next three and a half years Astral plied the coast, mainly transporting timber to Sydney for Allen Taylor and Co. Ltd., and from 1910 she is reported as being owned by Allen Taylor and Co. Ltd. In 1912 she was sold to a buyer in Port Stephens who made some modifications and then, in 1914 sold her to J.G. White and placed as a passenger ship on the Sydney – Nambucca run. She changed hands many times over the next years; 1917 she was bought by Peter Callan, James Croll, Aloysius Farrell & Alex. Croll; early 1923 bought by Ellis & Collings; and Langdon & Langdon Ltd in late 1923. Shortly after being sold to Langdon and Langdon she ran aground on the Sow and Pigs in Sydney Harbour. Astral met her demise on 6th April 1924 while carrying a load of coal from Lake Macquarie to Sydney she sunk north of Barrenjoey. This graphic account paints the picture: “After passing Norah Head the vessel encountered rough seas and a strong south-easterly wind. By the time she was opposite Terrigal the Astral had begun to labour in the seas and Captain MacDonald kept his vessel's nose to the incoming rollers. Seas were continually sweeping the forecastle of the vessel and when darkness fell the outlook was cheerless. Twice, so the lighthouse keeper at Barrenjoey states, the Astral attempted to make her way to Broken Bay, but each time it was too dangerous. Although there was constant anxiety on the part of all on board, the end was more sudden than was expected. The seas broke in succession against the vessel and held her sharply. The water came all over her bow, and in the first lurch the water in the vessel swilled over to leeward and the bunker coal shifted. A second breaker hastened the end. Two boats were in readiness and all hands were on deck. It was eight or nine miles to Barrenjoey, and it was none too safe for seven men to commit themselves entirely to the clemency of the elements. One man hastened to get distress flares to attract help, but there was no time. In far too brief a space of time the vessel sank. The lifeboat was launched and a small boat followed quickly. The lifeboat capsized, and through the darkness those in the small boat saw two men clinging to her keel. These were picked up and on a count being made it was found that one man, McGuiness, a fireman, was missing. The Astral had sunk and the only object being visible all round was the upturned boat. What became of her missing fireman was not known. ________________________________ Image Source - Powerhouse Museum, Sydney Acknowledgements. The assistance of Mori Flapan (Mori Flapan boatregister) by providing access to his extensive database is greatly appreciated. All Images in this photostream are Copyright - Great Lakes Manning River Shipping and/or their individual owners as may be stated above and may not be downloaded, reproduced, or used in any way without prior written approval. GREAT LAKES MANNING RIVER SHIPPING, NSW - Flickr Group --> Alphabetical Boat Index --> Boat builders Index --> Tags List

Anzac Memorial at the Argotti Botanical Gardens in Floriana, Malta
Australian fallen POLLDORE Frederick William. Private 359, 19th, Australian Infantry. Died of his wounds, 2nd October 1915, aged 18 years. The son of Stephen and Mary Ann Polldore, of 96 Park Road, St. Peters, Sydney. At rest in Pieta Military Cemetery, Malta POOLE Alfred Thomas. Sergeant, 151, 1st Australian Light Horse. Died of his wounds, 20th August 1915, aged 21 years. The son of the late Lydia Poole and Alfred Thomas Poole, of Nelsons Plains, New South Wales. At rest in Pieta Military Cemetery, Malta. PRITCHARD John Alfred. Corporal, 1111, 4th Australian Infantry. Died 13th August 1915, of wounds he received at Gallipoli, aged 31 years. The son of the late Archibald Pritchard and Jane Pritchard (nee Connell) He served with the Royal Marines Light Infantry for 12 years as Marine 12319 Born 18th July 1883, enlisted 27th April 1901 at Chatham. At rest in Pieta Military Cemetery, Malta. RABBITTS, Edward Leslie. Gunner 443, 3rd Battery, First Field Artillery, 1st Brigade, Australian Imperial Force. Died at Malta 25th July 1915 aged 25. This stone was erected by his relatives in Sydney and his comrades in Dorrigo, New South Wales, Australia. At rest in Pieta Military Cemetery, Malta. Some notes from his army records. He was born in 1890 at Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia to Edward and Ada Agnes. He was aged 24 and was an apprentice veterinary surgeon , employed at John Potters and Sons, Sydney for 18 months. He joined up on the 24th August 1914 and served with 3rd Battalion, 1st Brigade, Australian Field Artillery. His next of kin was his father who lived at New South Head Road, Rose Ray, Ryde, New South Wales. He mother, Ada Agnes became his next of kin and she lived at Mount, St Margarets Hospital, Ryde, New South Wales. He embarked as Gunner from Sydney on the 18th October 1914 on H.M.A.T. A8, Argyllshire bound for the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force. He fell ill on the 19th July 1915 at the Dardanelles, treated at 3rd Field Ambulance, suffering from enteric fever and pyrexia, He was invalided to Malta on Hospital Ship Neuralia and admitted into a hospital on the 25th July 1915, where he died the same day. He was laid to rest the following day by Reverend H.P.Doad. RADFORD James Edward Hebden. Lance Corporal, 175, 3rd Battalion, Australian Infantry. Died of his wounds, 22nd August 1915, aged 19 years. The son of Edward John and Ellen Hebden Radford, of Waverton, Croydon Avenue, Croydon, New South Wales. Dearly loved son of Mr & Mrs Radford, Croydon, Sydney. At rest in Pieta Military Cemetery, Malta. RAINEY Harold. Private 2009, 10th Australian Infantry died 7th August 1915 aged 23. Loved by all that knew him. Son of George and Mary Rainey, of Scott's Creek, South Australia. At rest in Pieta Military Cemetery, Malta. RAMSAY Robert Fraser. Private, 1300, 20th Australian Infantry. Died of sickness, 7th December 1915. He was born in Dublin, Ireland, enlisted at Liverpool, New South Wales aged 39 and 4 months, occupation, labourer. His mother, Mary, of Bacchus Marsh, Victoria, Australia and his sister, Mrs G Pigdon of Mirboo, North Gippsland, Victoria were his next of kin. At some date he was post to Gallipoli to join his unit. On the 21st November 1915 he was shot in one of his left arm and right eye. He was invalided to Malta and was admitted into St Elmo's Hospital, Malta on the 28th November 1915 from Hospital Ship, Gloucester Castle. He died at this hospital from secondary haemorrhage and septic pneumonia following wounds received at Gallipoli Peninsula. At rest in Pieta Military Cemetery, Malta. RANN Alfred Charles. Trooper, 340, 11th Australian Light Horse. Died of his wounds, 26th November 1915, aged 25 years. The son of Alfred and Lucy Rann, of Carisbrooke, Isle of Wight. At rest in Pieta Military Cemetery, Malta. RASMUSSEN Oscar Emil. Private, 1811, 23rd, Australian Infantry. Died of his wounds, 6th October 1915, aged 28 years. He was the son of Christian Neils and Oline Rasmussen, of Priorgade 5, Aalborg, Denmark. At rest in Pieta Military Cemetery, Malta. RATHBONE Hubert Reginald. Private, 2275, 12th Battalion, Australian Infantry. Died of enteric fever, 10th October 1915, aged 22 years. He was the son of Isabella and Frank Broomfield Rathbone, of Granton, Tasmania. His brother Percy died of wounds on the 14th April 1918 at Villers Bretonneux. At rest in Pieta Military Cemetery, Malta. RILEY John. Private 2221, 3rd Australian Infantry died 2nd September 1915. At rest in Addolorata Cemetery, Malta. RILEY John. Private 2221, 3rd Australian Infantry died 2nd September 1915. Born and enlisted at Sydney, New South Wales on the 10th May 1915 aged 18 and 5 months, occupation, cleaner. His mother, Mary of Commordore Street, North Sydney was his next of kin. He embarked from Sydney to join the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force on H.M.A.T. A73, Karode and he was taken on strength with his unit at Gallipoli on the 4th August 1915. On the 7th August 1915 he was wounded and treated at No 3 Field Ambulance, Gallipoli. He was invalided to Malta on Hospital Ship, Dunluce Castle and admitted into Military Hospital, Valletta on the 12th August 1915 He died at this hospital on the 2nd September 1915 from gun shot wounds to chest and lungs. At rest in Addolorata Cemetery, Malta. ROBERTS Clarence Rupert. Corporal 289, 8th Australian Infantry. Died 13th August 1915 aged 21. Son of John C. and Emma Roberts, of 36, Loch Avenue, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia Born at Mount Egerton. At rest in Pieta Military Cemetery, Malta. ROBSON Edward, served as David HARDIE , Private 1562, 8th Australian Infantry. Died of wounds 31st July 1915 at Cottonera Hospital, Malta. In 1891 he was boarding at the home of Edward and Jane Finlay of 184 Chichester Road, Westoe, South Shields. Mr Finlay was a plumber and he was his apprentice aged 15. In 1901 he is now married and is living with his wife Margaret aged 22 at his mother in law, Mrs Mary Ann Mingay at 29, Campbell Street, South Shields, occupation, plumber. He may have left for Australia from London on the 20th May 1904 to Melbourne, Victoria. At rest in Pieta Military Cemetery, Malta. Some notes from his army records. He was born at Westoe, South Shields, aged 30 occupation ships fireman. Previously served with the 3rd Durham Artillery for 4 years. He joined up with the name of David Hardie, on the 24th November 1914. His next of kin was his friend, Mr J Duncan of Box Hill, Victoria, Australia. At some stage his next of kin was changed to another friend Isabella Kelly of 126 Racecourse Road, Newmarket, Victoria. His Will dated 8th March 1915, read. In the event of my death I leave the whole of my property and effects to my friend Isabella Kelly of 126 Racecourse Road, Newmarket. Signed David Hardie, 1562, 3rd Reinforcements. He embarked Melbourne on the 12th February 1915 on H.M.A.T. A54 Runis. On the 30th June 1915 at Gallipoli Peninsula, known as Anzac he was taken ill with dysentery. He was returned to his line fit for duty on the 19th July 1915. On the 21st July 1915 at Anzac he was wounded by bomb shrapnel all over his body (looks as if got the full blast). He was transferred to Malta on the 28th July 1915 on Hospital Ship, Sicily and admitted into Military Hospital, Cottonera He was reported dangerously ill on the 31st July 1915, he died later that day. The cause of his death as recorded was a gunshot wound to his head. Letter dated 5th May 1920 from the Army Records Office, Victoria Barracks, Melbourne, Australia to the A.A.G, (Assistant Adjutant General, 3rd Military District. The late 1562 Private D Hardie, 8th Battalion recorded as next of kin Mr J Duncan, friend, c/o J Porter. Belmore Road, Balwyn, Victoria. They had received a communication from the Reverend E Halford Hennell, of The Vicarage, 24 Kangerong Road, Box Hill, Victoria, Australian that the deceased left a widow in England. An investigation was requested with the view of confirming the statement in order that his personal property, and medals be properly disposed. A Minute Paper from the A Provost Marshal 3rd Military District to A.A.G., 3rd Military District. Re, late No 1562 Private David Hardie, 8th Battalion. The correct name of this man is ROBSON. He deserted his wife in South Shields and assumed the name of David Hardie. Signed, Provost Marshall dated 27th May 1920. Letter dated 9th June 1920. to the Commandant, A.I.F. Headquarters, 130 Horseferry Road, Westminster, London. re the late D HARDIE. Information of Mrs Robson and her children may be obtained from Miss S J Duncan, c/o Mrs Berhk, 29 Corstorphine Town, South Shields or Mrs Berhk of the above address. Duncan, shown as next of kin has deserted his wife and is now at the following address, c/o Eastmans Ltd, Butchers, South Shields. An investigation was made under the Deceased Soldiers Estates Act of 1918 with a view of properly disposing of his medal etc. It was found that the correct name was ROBSON. He deserted his wife in South Shield, England and assumed the name of David Hardie. The report was made by the Acting Provost Marshal, 3rd Military District. Letter dated 30th April 1921 to Headquarters 3rd M.D. Re, late No 1562 Private David Hardie, 8th Battalion. The London authorities have forwarded documentary evidence to this office showing an assumed name, - his correct name being ROBSON, Edward and that his next of kin is his wife, Mrs Margaret Robson of 10 Erskine Road, South Shields, England. The records have been amended to read. Stated to be ROBSON, Edward, kindly inform the D.F.O.He was married on the 16th February 1901 at St Mark's Parish Church, South Shields to Miss Margaret Mingay aged 22, of 15 Boroman Street, South Shields. Her father William Mingay was a master mariner and deceased at the time of the marriage. Edward Robson, was aged 25, occupation, plumber and lived at 16 Boroman Street, South Shields. His father John Paul Robson, shipwright was deceased at the time of the marriage. ROCKLIFF Robert Edward. Private 2015, 11th Australian Infantry. Died 4th August 1915 aged 27. Son of Eliza Mary Tullock (formerly Rockliff), of 19, Ocean Rd., Cottesloe Beach, Western Australia, and the late John Bullen Rockliff. Born at Junee Junction, New South Wales. Not dead but gone before. At rest in Pieta Military Cemetery, Malta.

2019 Erskineville, Sydney, February
Erskineville is an inner-city suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is located 6 kilometres south west of the Sydney central business district and is part of the local government area of the City of Sydney. Erskineville is known for its infamous block, the Swanson Street mews. Erskineville is a diverse suburb homing to a wide variety of ethnicity from its varying Southeast Europe and Aboriginal community. Erskineville is colloquially known as Erko. Erskineville is bordered by the suburbs of Newtown to the west, Redfern to the north, St Peters to the south, and Alexandria to the east. The locality of Camperdown sits over the north-west border. Erskineville is a residential suburb. Erskineville Oval is located on the eastern border of the suburb. The suburb was originally called after an earlier subdivision in 1846 in the south of Erskineville owned by Stephen Macdonald. The streets around the early Macdonaldtown subdivision are named after relations of the Macdonald family - Amy, Flora, Eve, Coulson and Rochford. Knight Street is named for Henry Knight, one of the earliest brickmakers in the district and the first mayor of Macdonaldtown. Devine Street is named for the first grant holder, Nicholas Devine, the first principal superintendent of convicts. He called his property Burren Farm, after a region of County Clare in his native Ireland. Erskineville is named after Erskine Villa, the home of Wesleyan minister, Reverend George Erskine, built in 1830. After changing owners a few times, the property was eventually left to the Church of England and became the rectory for the Holy Trinity Church at Macdonaldtown (it was demolished in 1961 after serving as the rectory for eighty years). The area was first incorporated on 23 May 1872, with the name of the "Municipal District of Macdonald Town" (but was variously known as the "Borough of Macdonald Town" or the "Municipality of Macdonaldtown").[3] On 19 July 1872, the first council, consisting of six aldermen in one electorate, was elected (Charles Brandling Henderson, Henry Knight, James Bryan, Alexander Swanson, William Irwin and James Heighington), with Henry Knight elected as the first mayor at the first meeting on 23 July 1872. In 1893 Macdonaldtown was renamed as Erskineville, when the Parliament of New South Wales passed the "Borough of Erskineville Naming Act, 1893", effecting the municipal name change. In the late nineteenth century, the inhabitants were originally market gardeners, though brick making and tanning also became dominant industries. The Victorian cottages and small rows of Victorian terraces that dominate the built form of the suburb were the homes of the workers in these industries, which explains their smallness: a four-metre wide terrace is large by Erskineville standards. In the early twentieth century, manufacturing in the area diversified, and Erskineville became a resolutely working class inner city suburb. In 1938 the Erskineville Public Housing Scheme was inaugurated on the western end of Erskineville Park, as an early response by the NSW Government to the Housing Improvement Act 1937 towards the problem of slum clearance in the inner city. From the 1970s, Erskineville underwent gentrification with new residents attracted to the village atmosphere, public transport links and the proximity to the CBD. Sydney Park Road From the 19th century until the second half of the 20th century, the south-eastern section of Erskineville was taken up by large industrial uses. Bakewell Brothers brick and pottery works operated until 1956, and Metters Limited had a large factory that made items such as the "Kooka" stove operating from 1907 to 1974. Steelworks like McPherson’s Pty Ltd and Hadfields Steel Works also operated until the 1970s. The site of these industrial works were identified since 1998 as a site for urban renewal, with the land east of the rail line, south of Ashmore Street and north of Coulson Street known as the "Ashmore Estate". The Ashmore Estate is currently identified for major residential redevelopment as part of the urban renewal process.

Spotted Quoll, Erskine Park_000_200510
A rare Spotted Quoll found in Erskine Park in Sydney’s west 20 May 2010, and handed to WIRES. www.wires.org.au

Tough Security at the entrance
A tour of a data centre in Erskine Park on the Western outskirts of Sydney. You have to be determined to get past security.

Image from page 446 of "The peerage of the British Empire as at present existing : arranged and printed from the personal communications of the nobility" (1848)
Identifier: peerageofbritish00lodg Title: The peerage of the British Empire as at present existing : arranged and printed from the personal communications of the nobility Year: 1848 (1840s) Authors: Lodge, Edmund, 1756-1839 Innes, Eliza Innes, Maria Subjects: Nobility Publisher: London : Saunders and Otley Contributing Library: Harold B. Lee Library Digitizing Sponsor: Brigham Young University View Book Page: Book Viewer About This Book: Catalog Entry View All Images: All Images From Book Click here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book. Text Appearing Before Image: 2 Charles-Herbert, present and second Earl. 3 Right-Hon. Henry-Manvers, b. 18 March 1780, m. 12 May 1818, Lady Sophia Cecil, only daughter of Henry, 1st Marquis of Exeter, who d.2 Nov. 1823, leaving him an only daughter, AuguBtaSophia-Anne, 6. 30 May 1820, Lady Charles Wellesley.—*ee WULLINGTO-N. 362 MAR 4 Ludy Frances-Ani^usta-Eliza, b. 19 June 1781, f/. 10 Feb. 1847; having m. 1st, 20 Oct/l802, Vkt-.Iihniral William Iie>itinc//,—ser PORTLAND,who el. 21 Feb. 181:5; 2ndly, 30 July 1821, Henry-William Stephens, Esq. 5 Hon. Philip-Sydney, of Evenly Hall, Northants, b. U June 178(5, m. 22 Aug. 1810, Georgiana, only daughter of Herbert-Gwynne Browne, Esq.,of Imley Park, and widow of Pryce Edwards, Esq., of Talgarth, Me-rionethshire. Creation*.—Baron and Viscount 1790, Eavl 1806. Gencalogij.—See Genealogical Volume. Motto.— Pid repoue te : Repose in pious confidence. Town Hesidence.—13, Portnian Square. Heats.—Thoresby Park, Notts; and Holme Pierrepont, near Nottingham. Text Appearing After Image: MAR AND KELLIE, EARL OF. (Erskine.) John-Francis Erskine, Earl of Mar and Kellie, Viscount of Fen-toun. Lord Erskine, Garioch and AUoa, and Baron of Dirleton, in thePeerage of Scotland; premier Earl, Viscount and Baron of Scotland ;b. ^8 Dec. 1795, succeeded 20 Sept. 182S, m. 24 April 1827, Phila-delphia, eldest daughter of Sir Charles-Granville Stuart-Menteath,Bart. His Lordship is 33rd in descent from the Earl of Mar of 1065,was many years an officer of the Guards, and served at Quatre-Brasand Waterloo. John-Thomas, fifteenth Earl, father of the present Peer, was b. 1772, and d.20 Sept. 1828 ; hadng ;n. 17 March 1795, Janet, daughter of Patrick Miller, Esq.,of Dalswinton, who d. 25 July 1825,lea-ing issue by the Earl, 1 John-Francis, present and sixteenth Earl. 2 Lady Frances-Jemima, d. 19 June 1842, having ?«. 12 Oct. 1830, Williain- Jaxnes Goodeve, Esq.; by whom she has left an only son, • John-Francis, Heir Presumptive to the Earldom of Mar. 3 Lady Jean-Janet, ?«. 29 April 1 Note About Images Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.

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